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The Magazine of the APPLE. KIM. PET 
and Othar M^frf '^^ Systems 




|i^j-^Pp?^i|a;|aM 






■■ ^ ■tteSSt;j.;i;«::i. ;■:.;; 




APPLE II 
HIRES 




Picture Compression 



^commodore 



.^0^'^"' 



3iK 




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2001 - 32N $1295'"' 



^34900 



2001 - 8N 

2001 ■ 16B 

2001 ■ 16N 

2001 - 32B 

16/32K Diagnostic Kit 

Audio Amplifier PET 



$795°° 

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$995°° 

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$225"" 
$299' 



PET to IEEE Cable 
IEEE to IEEE Cable 

C2N Cassette 

8K Diagnostic Kit 

DISKETTES: 

DYSAN [Business Quality] 

VERBATIM 



N DENOTES GRAPHICS ON LARGE KEYBOARD 
B DENOTES NO GRAPHICS ON LARGE KEYBOARD 



$39" 
$49" 
$95°" 
$30°° 

5/$24''° 
10/31»5 



BUSINESS SOFTWARE 

OSBORNE — CMS 



General Ledger Disk $295°° 

Accounts Payable Disk $195°° 
Accounts Receivable Disk $195°° 
Word Processor 16/32K Disk $99°° 



Inventory Control Disk $195°° 
[Available 12-1-79] 

Mailing List Disk $95°° 

Payroll Disk $295°° 
[Available 1-15-80] 

Word Processor Tape $24" 



CBM — MIS 



General Ledger Disk $120°° 

Accounts Receivable Disk $120°° 

Accounts Payable Disk $120°° 

Payroll Disk $120°° 

CBM — MIS Complete 7 Module Set $795°° 

All 16N/16B Upgrade to 32K 

Ship computer and check to: 



Inventory Disk 
Job Cost/Bid Disk 
Customer Information 
[Mailing List] Disk 



$120°° 
$120°° 

$120°° 



$310 



00 



HDmE CamPUTERS 



1775 E, Tropicana 
(Liberace Plaza) 
Las Vegas, NV 89109 
702/736 - 6363 



FREE Software 
LAS VEGAS series with any PET 
computer purchase or upgrade 
to 32K, valued at $200'"' or 
more, including other software. 



SUPERKIM 

INDUSTRIAL CONTROL COMPUTER 



Here is a powerful microprocessor control 
system development tool and a complete 
real-time multitasking microcomputer in 
one package. There is no need to buy a 
power supply, motherboard, memory 
boards and separate i /O boards when your 
requirements may be satisfied by a SUPER- 
KIM. You may only need a couple of wire- 
wrap sockets and a few LSI chips installed 
in the big 3" x 10" onboard prototype area 
to accomplish the required memory ex- 
pansion and interface with the real world. 

Some single chip Interface devices available 
are: UARTS, 16 channel-8 bit analog to digi- 
tal data acquisition systems, floppy disk 
controllers and dot matrix printer con- 
trollers. Furthermore, you will shortly be 
able to buy single 5 volt supply pseudo 
static 8K byte (that's right, you read it right, 
8K X 8 bits) memory chips in a single 28 pin 
package. These chips use the same tech- 
nology developed for the 64K bit dynamic 
RAMS now being manufactured by Ti, 
MOTOROLA and others. Just five of these 
chips and four 2732 EPROMs in the sockets 
already supplied in the SUPERKIM will yield 
a fully populated SUPERKIM with 44K bytes 
of RAM, 16K bytes of EPROM With serial and 
parallel I/O ports, and enough room left- 
over in the prototype area for a LSI floppy 
disk controller chip.Zilog already has, on the 
market, a 4K byte version of this memory 
chip that is pin compatible with the 8K byte 
version; no need to rewire your sockets 
when the larger memories become avail- 
able. Put in 24K now and upgrade later 
to 44K. 

If you started with a KiM-1 , SYM-1 or AiM-65 
and tried to expand it to the basic capabili- 
ties of the SUPERKIM, you would need a 
power supply (560), a motherboard ($120), 
a prototype board (530), a memory board 
($120), and an I/O board ($120) for a total 
cost of from $620 in the case of the KIM-I 
to $825 in the case of the AiM-65. You still 
would not have real time multitasking 
capabilities. 

Multitasking is a situation where the micro- 
computer appears to be doing more than 
one job simultaneously. For example, the 



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microcomputer could be sending data to a 
printer , accepting analog data from a 
16-chaMnel data acquisition system and 
presenting data to an operator monitor- 
ing a LCD or LED display, all the while keep- 
ing tra^rk of time. 

Multitasking is accomplished on the SUPER- 
KIM by use of vectored priority interrupts 
and a r sal time clock. This real time clock is 
implemented using one of the four on- 
board (i522 programmable tone generators. 

The SU PERKIM. with its keyboard, display 
and ROM monitor, can be used as a system 
analyz(ir for troubleshooting hardware 
and software in-the-field or during system 
development as an in circuit emulator. The 
monitor can stop the CPU at any point 
in the program, step through the program, 
change the contents of the systems' 
memory and CPU registers, and record the 
CPU's registers during a selected portion of 
the program. It offers one of the most 
power =ul combinations of development 
and dijignostic tools available on the 
market today. 

All of the above is unavailable on any other 
singlet oard computer at any price. 

mksroprcxJuct^s 

2107 ARTESIA BOULEVARD • REDONDO BEACH, CA 90278 • (213) 374-1673 





microsystems 



P.O. Box 687 

224 S.E. 16th Street 

Ames, Iowa 50010 



DPim 




DAIM is a complete disk operating system for the ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL 
AIM 65. The DAIM system includes a controller board (with 3.3K operating system in 
EPROM) which plugs into the ROCKWELL expansion motherboard, packaged power 
supply capable of driving two 5 1/4 inch floppy drives and one or two disk drives 
mounted in a unique, smoked plastic enclosure. DAIM is completely compatible in 
both disk format and operating system functions with the SYSTEM 65. Commands 
are provided to load/save source and object files, initialize a disk, list a file, list a disk 
directory, rename files, delete and recover files and compress a disk to recover 
unused space. Everything is complete — plug it in ;jnd you're ready to go! DAIM 
provides the ideal way to turn your AIM 65 into a complete 6500 development 
system. Also pictured are CSB 20 (EPROM/RAM) and CSB 10 (EPROM programmer) 
which may be used in conjunction with the DAIM tD provide enhanced functional 
capability. Base price of $850 includes controller board with all software in EPROM, 
power supply and one disk drive. Now you know why /ve say — 



There is nothing like a 

DFiim 



Phone 515-232-8187 



[ iaaaaa 



Table of Contents 

Dual Tape Drive for SYM ■ 1 BASIC 

by Gt'Ofge Vi/ells 

Some Useful Memory Locations and Subroutines 
for OSI BASIC in ROM 

by S. R. Murphy 

A Tape Indexing System for the PET 

by Aijn R Hawthorne 

Subroutine Parameter Passing 

by Mark Svivanson 

APPLE II Hires Picture Compression 

by Bob Bishop 

Assembly Language Applesoft Renumber 

by Alan D. Flooter 

Performing Math Functions in Machine Language 

by Alfred J. Bruey 

TSAR: A Time Sharing Administrative Routine 
for the KIM-1 

by Philip K Hooper 

Interfacing the CI-812 to the KIM 

by Jim Dennis 

MICROBES: Ampersort 
SYM-1 Baudot TTY Interface . 

by Richdrd A. Leary 

The MICRO Software Catalog: XIV 

by Mike Rowe 

Alarming APPLE 

by Paul irwm 

6502 Bibliography: Part XIV 

by WilliaiTi R. Dial 



11 



14 



^7 



Si 



61 



November 1979 
Issue Number 18 



Staff 



2T 


Edftor/Publisher 

Robert M. Tripp 


33 

4: 


Assistant Editor 

Mary Ann Curtis 


43 


Business Manager 

Maggie E. Fisher 


43 
49 

55 


Circulation Manager 

Carol Ann Stark 

Production Assistant 

L. Catherine Bland 



Comptroller 

Donna M. Tripp 



Advertiser's Indet 



Beta I ' "iHittM D»!vi>.i"« 

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Conn*. 'I'.'i.l [I'lr- Oi .iiiniier'j 

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MICRl' 

MICR'" MUSIC Inc 



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IBC 

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y, 



Skylcs Electric Works 




PAL-80 



TM 



80 characters per line 

8y2 inch wide thermal paper 

Full graphics at 60 dots/inch 

Interfaced to PET 

Works with all PET peripherals 

40 character per second rate 

Microprocessor controlled 

Bidirectional look-ahead printing 

Quiet operation 

No external power supplies 

Only two driven parts 

High reliability 

Clear 5x7 characters 

Attractive metal and plastic case 



The Skyles PAL-80^'^ is a high speed thermal printer 
offering the combination of text printing at 80 charac- 
ters per line and continuous graphics at 60 dots per 
inch. In the text mode, upper and lower case data are 
printed at 40 characters per second. The 5x7 charac- 
ters provide clear readable copy on white paper; no hard 
to find, hard to read aluminized paper. 

In the graphics mode, seven bits of each byte correspond 
to the seven dots in each of the 480 print positions per 
line. Since the computer driving the printer has full con- 
trol over every print position, it can print graphs, bar 
charts, line drawings, even special and foreign language 
symbols. Despite its low cost, the Skyles PAL-80 is a 



true intelli lent printer with full line buffering and bi- 
directional look-ahead printing. 
High reliab lity is designed in: The thick film thermal 
print head las a life expectancy of 100,000,000 charac- 
ters. Two [ iC stepping motors provide positive control 
of the prin head and the paper drive. 

The Skyles PAL-80 operates directly from a 1 15V 60 Hz 
line (230V 50 Hz available). No external power supplies 
are require I. 

It comes c( mplete with an interface for the PET: a two 

and a half oot cable plugs into the IEEE interface at 
the back o your PET. Works with all PET models and 
PET or Sk^ ies peripherals. 



Skyles PAL-80 printer(s) 



Please send me 

complete with IVi foot interface cable to attach to my 
PET at $675.00 each* (Plus $10.00 shipping and hand- 
ling). I also will receive a test and graphics demonstra- 
tion tape at no additional charge and over 150 feet of 
872 inch wide black on white thermal paper $ 



would also like to order . 



. rolls of 8V2 inch wide 



by 85 ft. long thermal paper (black ink) at $5.00 each 



.10 roll cartons at $45.00 $ 



VISA, Mastercharge orders call (800) 227-8398 
California orders call (415) 494-1210 

"California residents add 6 to 6/4% sales tax 
where applicable. 



PAL-80 SPECIFICATIONS 



TEXT 
Format 

Print speec 
Line Feed 
Character \ et 

graphic; 

Format 
Print Speei 

COMMON 
Paper 

Dimension 
Weight 



80 characters per eight inch line 

6 lines per inch nominal 

40 characters per second 

50 milliseconds nominal 

96 Characters, including upper and 

lower case, numerals, and symbols 

480 print positions per line 
240 print positions per second 

814 inch wide thermal paper, available 
in 85 foot foils, black image on white 
12"Wx 10"Dx2y4"H 
8 lbs (3.6 kg) 



Skyles Electric Works 



0301 Stonydale Drive 
Cupertino, CA 95014 • (408) 735-7891 



TM PAL-80 Printer on A Leash, a trademark of Skyles Electric Works Inc. 



Dual Tape Drive for SYM-1 BASIC 



If you want to make your SYM - 1 BASIC work with two 
tape recorders and manage tape cassette files, here is 
what it takes. A few important observations about the 
BASIC are presented that could save you grief. 



George Wells 
1620 Victoria Place 
La Verne, CA 91750 



When I bought my SYM-1, I had no in- 
tention of buying BASiC for it. However, 
after not being able to show off my new 
computer to my friends and relatives in a 
way they could understand, I decided to 
go ahead and get the BASIC ROMS. 
Then I purchased a book of BASIC 
games and copied several of them onto 
tape. The need to have a convenient 
means of copying tapes to make backup 
copies became apparent. Also, I 
discovered that the tape routines do not 
work after BASIC has been interrupted 
and reentered with a "GO" command 
(warm start). After I recieved the tech 
note from Synertek describing how to 
put trig functions in BASIC, I found out 
how to fix this problem. The tape 
routines use system RAM to pass infor- 
mation from BASIC and apparently the 
call to "ACCESS" was omitted during 
the warm start. 

To make the second tape recorder 
work, I added five components to one of 
the buffered outputs to make it look like 
the audio cassette remote control con- 
figured for type IV (see figure 3-3, pages 
3-7 of SYM reference manual). This is the 
set up required for one of the recom- 
mended recorders. Radio Shack CTR-40. 
Refer to SYM reference manual figure 
4-5A, pages 4-12. Note that pad 1 is 
located between pads 2 and 6. The 
follovkdng connections were made to buf- 
fer PB4: 

Install 470 OHM at location R5. 

Install 2N2902A transistor emitter to pad 
6 base to pad 9 
collector to pad 
1. 

Install IK resistors between pads 6&9. 

Install 1N914 diode anode to pad 1 

cathode to pad 6 

Install 1N914 diode anode to pad 19 

cathode-pad 16. 



Install subminiature phono pluc tip to 
pad 6, 
shield to pad 1. 

My first tape recorder (General Elec- 
tric model M8455A) is connected to the 
normal remote control configjred for 
type V. The audio out (LO) goes to the 
MIC input. I discovered a trim pot on the 
inside of the recorder which, if turned 
completely counter-clockwise, makes 
the recording ideal for the S> M com- 
puter (terrible for voice though. Also, I 
found it necessary to align the heads of 
both tape recorders before I could get 
reliable operation. The GE recorder is us- 
ed normally to save files and the Radio 
Shack recorder is used with special 
routines to load files. The assembly 
language program was written at a loca- 
tion just before the trig function routines 
and includes two sets of execute com- 
mands for cold and warm starts to 
BASIC that are compatible with the trig 
functions and include a call to "AC- 
CESS" so that the tape routines \n\\\ 
work after a vk^arm start. 

The hex dump of the tape drive routine 
plus the trig functions (from Jynertek 
Systems Corp. Tech Note 53) cai be us- 
ed to enter the code into your system. 
Use the same verify command aid com- 
pare checksums to check your vk^ork. I 
save this file on tape using an II) of $31 
which can be loaded and savcsd from 
BASIC as file"1". 

The sample run-stream illustrates how 
to make it all work. First, a cold start to 
BASIC was performed with the monitor 
execute command (E E5A;. SYM 
responds with everything down to line 
100 which was entered to excer:ise the 
trig functions and provide something to 
save on tape. After running this single 
line BASIC program, it was saved on 
tape Vk(ith the file name "T". "NEW" 
erases the program to indicate :hat the 
tape will do a real load. The "US^" com- 



mand to hex address 8035 takes us out 
of BASIC and back to the monitor. To get 
back to BASIC use the execute com- 
mand (E E95). The response includes 
everything down to the word "list". 
Since nothing was listed, this shows 
that the previous program has been 
erased. It is loaded back in by transfer- 
ring the cassette from the "save only" 
recorder (in my case the GE) and putting 
it on the "load only" recorder (Radio 
Shack) and pushing the rewind button. If 
this is the first time that the load only 
recorder has been used since the SYM 
was reset, then the recorder will start 
rewinding immediately. Otherwise it will 
wait until the "LOAD T" command is 
entered. When the tape is rewound, the 
play button is pressed and the recorder 
stops automatically when the file is 
loaded. Listing and running the program 
show it to be the same as before. 

The way I use routines to manage files 
is through the use of three identical 
cassette tapes each storing one copy 
each of all my BASIC programs. I use a 
fourth tape for temporary storage of a 
program I am currently working on. 
When I want to make a copy of all the 
programs on tape, I put that tape into 
the LOAD-ONLY or READ-ONLY 
recorder, and push the PLAY button. 
Then I put the tape that I want to copy to 
in the SAVE-ONLY or WRITE-ONLY 
recorder and push the PLAY-RECORD 
buttons. I also keep a directory on paper 
of the program files ID's on tape. Its a 
simple matter to type a sequence of 
BASIC commands consisting of a series 
of LOAD A, SAVE A, LOAD B, SAVE B, 
LOAD C, SAVE C, etc. If I want to insert a 
new program from my temp tape, I just 
swap tapes in the READ-ONLY recorder 
to get the new program out, and then 
swap back to continue with the old pro- 
grams. 



November, 1979 



MICRO — The 6502 Journal 



18:5 



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MEMCR-r SIZE? 3674 

UIDTH-7 80 

DK 

PDKE202. 169!PDKE203. 14:PDKE196. I 04: PDKE197. 15 

DK 

100 PRINT SIMCl) .CD>:';5) >TflN<::3:' .f=lTN<.4J 
RUN 
.841470985 -.41^146836 -.142546543 1.32531766 

DK 

SAVE T 
SAVED 

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LIST 



value. In fact, 5 are used for the value, br- 
inging the total to 7. This is what gives 
SYM BASIC its 9+ digit resolution. The 
disadvantage Is that every simple 
variable (including integer and string 
variables which only need two and three 
bytes respectively for their values) uses 
more bytes than are usually needed. In- 
cidentally, there is a memory saving 
when using integer or string arrays. 
However, Microsoft BASIC converts in- 
teger values to floating points before us- 
ing them, which takes longer than using 
floating points in the first place. 
Therefore, as a general rule, integer 
variables should only be used in arrays, 
and only when it is necessary to con- 
serve memory space. 

3.Don't make a mistake when typing a 
line that prints a hex-formatted number. 
If you don't follow the format exactly, 
BASIC hangs up in a loop, printing 
zeroes. If this occurs, you can recover by 
doing a reset and going back to BASIC 
with a warm start. Your program will still 
be there, but as with any error, the pro- 
gram cannot be continued. 



100 PRIMT SINa> .CDSCS) .TRH'.3> !flTM<:4;) 
DK 
RUM 

.341470985 -.416146S36 -.142546543 1.3£5S176t 

DK 



As a matter of habit I then read the 
tape I have just written to verify that it is 
O.K. and use it to copy into my third per- 
manent tape. Then I repeat the process 
going from the third tape back to the 
original one. Finally, I read the original 
tape to verify it. If at any point I detect a 
bad load, I know that I will always have 
an available on one of my tapes a copy 
of the file in good condition, that hasn't 
been overwritten yet. 

Small changes can be made in any 
program file by copying it onto the temp 
tape with the changes (I usually make 
two or three copies on the temp tape) 
and then rewriting the file on each of the 
permanent tapes by reading the file Im- 
mediately before the one I want to 
change to find where to start, and 
reloading from the temp tape before ac- 
tually saving the changed file. 



Three Other Observations 

I.Two words have been omitted from the 
list of reserved words on page 9 of the 
BASIC manual: "GO" and. "GET". "GO" 
allows you to spell "GOTO" as "GO TO" 
if you want; not really a good idea since 
it takes three bytes of storage instead of 
only one. "GET" must be a leftover since 
it always generates an FC error. 

2.Page C-2 of the manual states that 6 
bytes of storage are used for each 
variable: 2 for the name and 4 for the 



RSSEHBLY LANGUAGE PRDGRAM 



0E5R 
0E5C 
0E5D 
0E61 
0E62 
0E64 

0E66 
0E6A 
0E6E 
0E72 
0676 
0E7A 

0E7D 
0E81 
0E85 
0E89 
OESD 
0E91 
0E93 

0E95 
0E97 

0E9e 
0E9C 
OERO 
0ER4 
0EA7 

0EA9 
OERB 
DEAD 
OEBO 
0EB3 
0EB6 
0EB8 
OEBB 
OEBE 
OECl 
0EC3 
0EC6 



MODE 

CDMFI6 

ZERCK 

P2SCR 

DDR3B 

DR3E 

LDADT 



34 



4A 3 

OD 

33 36 37 

OD 

38 30 

14 OD 



50 4F 4B 45 
32 30 32 aC 

31 36 39 3H 
50 4F 4B 45 

32 30 33 2C 
31 34 3fi 

50 4F 4B 45 
31 39 36 2C 
31 30 34 3fl 
50 4F 4B 45 
31 39 37 SC 
31 35 
OD 00 

47 30 
OD 

3F 55 53 52 
28 26 22 33 
42 38 36 22 
2C 30 29 
OD 00 

84 FD 
A9 09 
20 A5 89 
20 2E 83 
20 9C 82 
A9 10 
8D 02 AC 
8D 00 AC 
20 7B 3C 
A9 
8D AC 
60 



Edu 

E(.!1J 



tFD 
*89A5 



E(!U $83£E 

E(!U «8£9C 

EUU tAC02 

E(!U tACOO 

E(!U *8C78 

AIlR tE5A 
a; CI I 
B^■TE 

ASCII 
B-i'TE 
A': CI I 
BYTE 



'JO' 

tOD 

■'3674' 

■JOD 

' 8 ' 

*14,tOD 



BASIC COLD START CDMMAMD 

CARRIAGE RETURN 

MEMORY SIZE 

CARRIAGE RETURN 

LINE WIDTH 

CONTROL T, CARRIAGE RETURN 



CHANGE TAPE LOAD VECTOR 



ASCII 



'PDKE202, 169:PDKE£03, 14: 



CHANGE TRIG VECTOR 
:il POKE 196- 104: POKE 197, 15' 



B'lTE 



tOD.tOO CARRIAGE RETURN- END EXECUTE 



ASCII GO' BASIC WARM START COMMAND 

BiTE JOD CARRIAGE RETURN 

JUMP TD MONITOR ACCESS SUBROUTINE 
ASCII -?USP(J:"SBS6". Ci.) 



B'lTE 

SI V 
LIA 
JSR 
JSR 
JSR 
LIA 
ST A 
ST A 
JSR 
LIA 
S1A 
R1S 



MODE 

!:9 

CONFI 

2ERCK 

P2SCR 

::;'.i)0 

BDR3B 

DR3B 

LDADT 

s;:ooo 

0R3E 



CARRIAGE RETURN, END EXECUTE 



DO CUSTOM INITIALIZE FOP READ RECORDER 



10000 

BIT RB 4 OF VIA 3 £ET OUTPUT 
TURN ON READ TAPE RECDRDEP 

+3 LOAD TAPE BUT SKIP INITIALIZE 

00000 

TURN DFF READ TAPE RECORDER 



18:6 



MICRO ~ The 6502 Journal 



November, 1979 



HEX DUMP 



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^ 



MICRO™ is published morrtWy by: 
MICRO INK, Inc. 
34 Chelmsford Street 
Chelmsford, Massachusetts 
617/256-5515 

Second Class postage paid at: 
Chelmsford, MA 01824 

Postmaster: Send address 
changes to: 

MICRO 

P.O. Box 6502 

Chelmsford, MA 01824 

Publication Number: 
COTR 395770 

Subscription in United States: 
$15.00 per year/12 issues 
Entire contents Copyright © 1979 
t>y: MICRO INK, Inc. 



V m"]"i' 



H 



eEPUBBBC]' 



PRESENTS IT'S 

UTILITY PAC II 




CHECKBOOK UPDATE TO DOS 

AN EXEC FILE WRITES OVER YOUR CHE 
PROGRAM TO AUTOMATICALLY UPDATE 

INDEX FILE UPDATE 

AUTOMATES BISHOP'S INDEX FILE 

FIND CONTROL CHARACTER 

WILL DISPLAY CONTROL CHARACTERS 
CATALOG OR PROGRAM LISTING 

SLOW LIST 

FULL STOP 5 START CONTROL WITH EX 
WITH APPLESOFT OR INTEGER BASIC 

LIST HEADERS 

PUT HEADERS ON YOUR LISTINGS WITH 
NUMBERS OR REM STATEMENTS. AP II 

AUTO WRITE 

AUTO WRITE INSTRUCTIONS 

USE EXEC FILES TO APPEND, ADD SUB 
OR EDIT PROGRAMS. CONVERT INTEGER 
SOFT. DELETE ILLEGAL LINE NUMBERS 

EXEC READER 

READS TEXT FILES FOR ABOVE 

DISC SPACE 

COMPLETELY WRITTEN IN APPLESOFT. 
IN 3 SECONDS. GIVES FREE SECTORS 
WITH LISTINGS AND DOCUMENTATION, PRICE 

DISC liANAGEMENT SYSTEM * 



CKBOOK 
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ROUTINES , 
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$19.95 



EIGHT PROGR 
COMPLETE UN 
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TRANSFER CA 
A TWENTY-SI 
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AMS ON DISK TO PROVIDE THE USER WITH A 

DERSTANDING OF THE DISK DRIVE COMMANDS 

ITY PACKAGE TO INDEX 5 CATAGORIZE ALL 

ITTEN FOR THE APPLE II COMPUTER. THE 

IDES FULL SEARCH, EDITING AND DATA 

PABILITIES. 

X PAGE BOOKLET PROVIDES DETAILED, 

TEQUNIQUES GIVING A THROUGH UNDERSTAND- 
DOS COMMANDS. 

IREMENTS: DISK II 5 APPLESOFT TAPE OR ROM 
5 ON DISK FOR EITHER OF ABOVE 
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OR MONEY ORDER TO: 

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DISK DRIVE WOES? PRINTER INTERACTION? 

MEMORY LOSS? ERRATIC OPERATION? 

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Floopies, printers, memorv & processor often interact! 
Our unique ISOLATORS eliminate equipment interaction 
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•ISOLATOR (ISO-1 A) 3 filter isolated 3-prong sockets; 
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Deptmi 



November, 1979 



MICRO — The 6502 Joirnal 



18:7 



ON YOUR XMAS 
INCLUDING 




IN BLACK & \A/HITE 

Ol P Mr I $995! First floppy disk based computer 

for under $1000! Same great features as the CI P plus more 

memory and instant program and data retrieval. Can be 

expanded to 32K static RAM and a second mini-floppy. 

It also supports nc-nti^r 

modem, real timer i 

and AC remote interfri 

aswellasOS-6f r 

V3.0 development 

disk operating 

■system. 





C2-8P:$799! 

can be expanded to 

features of the C2 

8 slot BUS(3-time.' 

ability than the C2 

to48K RAM, dual floi 

printerandbu! 

C2-4P Mrl $1533! It's a big personal 
computing mini-floppy system at a special package 
Drice. Contains the famous C2-4P microcomputer 
;vith 20K static RAM, 5" mini-floppy unit for instant 
program and data loading, RS-232 circuitry 
(for optional modem and printer), land diskettes 
featuring exciting games, personal, 
%„ business and education 
applications. 



wl r. $w*l9! A dramatic breakthrough in price and per- 
former ce. Features OSI's ultra-fast BASIC-in-ROM, full graphics 
display capability, and large library of software on cassette and 
di !k, including entertainment programs, personal finance, 
small business, and home applications. It's a complete pro- 
gram Tiable computer system ready to go. Just plug-in a video 
moni tor or TV through an RF converter, and be up and running. 
1 5K total memory including 8K BASIC and 4K RAM — 

expandable to8K. 
The personal class computer that 
a full business system. Has all the 
■4P plus an 
i greater expansion 
-4P). Can be expanded 
ipies, hard disk, 
iness software. 



wifc"4Pl $09o ! The professional portable that has over 3-times the display 
capability of 1 P's. Features 32 x 64 character display capability, graphics, full 
computer type keyboard, audio cassette port, and 4 slot BUS (only two used in 
base machine). It has 8K BASIC, 4K RAM, and can 
be expanded to 32K RAM, dual mini-floppies and 
a printer. 




w*"Or Ui I $ifc099! A full business system avail- 
able at a personal computer price! The system includes the 
pc werful C2-8P microcomputer {32K RAM expandable to 
48K), dual 8" floppy unit (stores 8-times as much information 
as i mini-floppy), and 3 disks of personal, educational and 
imall business applications software. Has all the capa- 
bilities of a personal system including graphics plus 
the ability to perform Accounting, Information Manage- 
The C4P and C8P offer a brilliant array of 16 colors including ment, and Word Processing tasks for small business, 

black available in both alphabetics and graphics. The C4P and C8P have execution speed that is twice as 
fast as Apple II, or Commodore PET and 
over THREE times as fast as TRS-80. more 
display than other personal computers . 

Apple I[. Commodor e PE T, TRS-BO, and Alan 800 are registered Jrade names oi Apple Computer Inc., Commodore Business Maci ines Ltd., Radio Shack. Atari, respectively 



16 COLORS AND COLOR 



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Some Useful Memory Locations and 
Subroutines for OSI BASIC in ROM. 



S.R. Murphy 

201 N. W. 48th 

Seattle, WA 98107 



If you want to know more about yuur OSI BASIC, infor- 
mation is presented which deta Is the use of RAM 
Scratch Pad Memory and shows where some of the 
most important Support Subroutines reside. 



MICRO has published very little on 
OSI's BASIC in ROM system. One can 
only guess that fewer OSI owners are in- 
clined to explore their machines and 
bend their functions to their own uses in 
contrast, perhaps, to owners of other 
6502 systems. This is a pity because, in 
contrast to what I read about PET, for ex- 
ample, the BASIC ROM's and the 
EPROM's that support BASIC, keyboard 
polling, and the MONITOR are all easily 
accessed by PEEK or through the 
MONITOR. 

This note may stimulate other OSI 
BASIC in ROM owners to try some soft- 
ware ideas for custom uses. The follow- 
ing listing of BASIC pointer and 
subroutine locations make it possible to 
modify programs written for other 
MICROSOFT 6502 BASIC interpreters for 
use with OSI. 

MICRO, number 6, pages 49-50, gave a 
"PARTIAL LIST OF PET SCRATCH PAD 
MEMORY", by Gary A. Creighton. Since 



MICROSOFT supplied the BASIC inter- 
preter for both OSI and PET, : principle 
of parsimony suggests that thiire should 
be a strong similarity between the two 
systems even though OSI usns a more 
primitive cassette I/O systen without 
the file commands. 

Table 1 represents the essence of this 
similarity in parrallel to the PET table. 
The notation is essentially tho same as 
Mr. Creighton's except for t ie use of 
Hex rather than Decimal. 

IND (XY) is an address with the low 
byte in location $XY and the high byte in 
location $XY-i-1. 

M(XY) is the content of memory loca- 
tion $XY. 

The description also follows the 
original with the appropriate modifica- 
tions for OSI operations. The t ible is not 
complete, but, to the best of my 
knowledge it is accurate. 



Finally, in MICRO, number 11, page 
37, Don Rindsberg presented an im- 
pressive BASIC renumbering program. I 
have not yet converted the program to 
OSI because a BASIC renumbering 
capability is not one of my favorite 
needs. However, for OSI owners who 
would like to "roll your own" following 
Mr. Rindsberg, Table 2 is presented as a 
substitution for his Table 1 on page 38 
that lists the BASIC subroutines needed 
in his program. The subroutines in Table 
2 can, of course, be used for other pur- 
poses. $B95E is an excellent Hex to 
Decimal converter that can be called 
with a simple machine language pro- 
gram. Similarly, $A77F can be the basis 
for Decimal to Hex conversion. $A8C3 is 
a general purpose message printing 
routine that Is easily incorporated into 
any program. Finally, $A24D makes it 
relatively simple to modify BASIC pro- 
grams under computer control. 



November, 1979 



MICRO — The 6502 Jojrnal 



18:9 



Table 1 

A Partial List of OSI BASIC 
in ROM Scratch Pad Memory 

(Ref. MICRO, No. 6, Pgs. 49 - 50) 

IND(01) Initially, address of cold start ($BD11). 

Replaced by warm start ($A274). 

IND(06) USR INVAR address. 

IND(08) USR OUTVAR address. 

IND(OB) USR program address. 

M(OD) Number of NULL'S selected. 

M(OE) Terminal character count. 

M(OF) BASIC terminal width. 

M(11-12) Arguments of statements such as PEEK, 

POKE, GOTO, GOSUB, line numbers, etc. 

M(13-5A) Input buffer. 

IND(71) Scratch pad address for garbage collec- 

tion, line insertion, etc. 

IND(79) Address of beginning of BASIC code. 

($0301) 

IND(7B) Address of beginning of Variable Table. 

IND(7D) Address of first array entry in Variable 

Table. If no arrays, end of Variable Table. 

IND(7F) Address of end of Variable Table. 

IND(81) Lowest string address. 

IND(83) Scratch pad string address. 

IND(85) Address, plus one, of highest allocated 

memory. 

M(87-88) Present BASIC line number. 

M(89-8A) Line number at BREAK. 

IND(8B) Pointer to BASIC code for CONT. 

M(8D-8E) Line number for present DATA statement. 

IND(8F) Address of next DATA statement. 

IND(91) Address of next value after comma in pre- 

sent DATA statement. 

M(93-94) ASCII code for present variable. 

M(BC-D3) Subroutine: Points through code one 
byte at a time, RTS with code value In A 
and carry clear if ASC(0 - 9); otherwise, 
carry set. Return A = if end of line. Ig- 
nores spaces. 

IND(C3) Code location pointer for above 

subroutine. 

M(AF-BO) USR input variable storage. 

M(FB) MONITOR keyboard control flag. 

( = for keyboard). 

M(100-107) Storage of conversion of floating point 
number to ASCII. 

M(1FF) Top of BASIC stack. 

M(200-20E) Temporary storage for CR simulator 
subroutine ($BF2D). 

M(212) CTRL C flag. 

( =$01 if CRTLCoff). 

M(213-216) Temporary storage, keyboard polling pro- 
gram (#FDOO). 



$A24C 



$A24D 



$A77F 



$B7E8 



$B408 



$B96E 



$A274 
$A8C3 

$B95E 



Table 2 

OSI BASIC Routines Needed for 
BASIC Renumbering 

(Ref. MICRO, No. 11, Pg. 38) 

^rint an error message from the message 
:able. Enter with X containing the location of 
he message relative to $A164. Message ter- 
Tiinator is ASCII having bit 7 on. 

3ASIC line insertion routine: Enter with line 
issembied in the line buffer $0013-$005A with 
)0 as line terminator. Also, character count 
Tiust be In $005D and the line number(hex) at 
50011/12. 

Evaluate an expression whose beginning ad- 
jress is in $00C3/C4. Use this subroutine to 
;onvert from ASCII to binary, with the result 
appearing in the floating accumulator: 
500AC/AD/AE/AF. 

Convert fixed number in $OOAD?AE to floating 
lumber. Enter with the result appearing in- 
he floating accumulator: $OOAC/AD/AE/AF. 

Donvery binary value, such as line number, in 
loafing accumulator to two-byte fixed 
lumber and place in $0011/12. 

Convert floating number at $OOAC/AD/AE/AF 
o ASCII and place in string starting at $0101, 
jreceded by a space or minus sign at $0100 
ind terminated by 00. 

3ASIC warm start. Prints "OK". 

^rints message. Enter with ADH In Y, ADL in 
A. Message is ASCII string ending with 00. 

^rint the decimal Integer whose hex value is 
n registers A and X, for example, a line 
lumber. 



I3EST of MICRO Volume 2 

is available now. 

All of the irrportant material from MICRO issues 7 through 12 
(Oct/Nov 78 to May 79) presented in convenient book form. The 
book is 8V: by 11 inches, 224 pages, and the material is 
organized ty major computer type: AIM/SYM/KIM, APPLE, 
PET, -and GliNERAL material. This is a companion volume to 
BEST of MIORO Volume 1 which covered issues 1 to 6. 

BEST of Ml DRO Volume 2 is available at your local computer 
store for $£.00, or may be ordered directly from MICRO with 
delivery anywhere in the world at: 
$9.00 Surface Mail, or, 
$13.00 Ai Mail. 

BEST of M CRO Volume 1 is still available from you local 
dealer for $3.00 or by mail from MICRO at: 
$7.00 Surface Mail, or, 
$10.00 Ai Mail. 
Send order: to: 

MICRO 

P.O. 80X6502 

Chelmsford, MA 01824 



18:10 



MICRO — The 6502 Journal 



November, 1979 



A Tape Indexing Systemi for the PET 



A solution is provided for the PET cassette tap(» prob- 
lem. Using inherent capabilities of the PET, a pro<;edure 
is presented which permits use of the recorder's fnst for- 
ward and fast rewind facilities to rapidly index and por- 
tion of the tape. 



Alan R. Hawthorne 

611 Vista Drive 
Clinton, TN 37716 



A frustrating problem for PET owners 
occurs when it becomes necessary to 
load a program or read a data file that 
has been written in the middle of a 
cassette tape. Since Commodore chose 
not to include a cassette recorder with 
an index counter, the user is left with the 
following options: 

1) Load only one program per tape. 
(This can make personal computing un- 
necessarily expensive for the hobbist 
with hundreds of programs.) 

2) Let the PET slowly search through 
the tape until it finds the correct file 
name. (This process is much too slow, 
since it can take up to 30 minutes to 
search one side of a 60 minute tape.) 

3) Guess where the program might be 
on the tape and run the tape to this point 
using the fast forward speed on the 
recorder; then let the PET begin to 
search for the program. (This guessing is 
no fun. One often runs past the desired 
program and wastes even more time). 

I decided that there must be a better 
way to use the PET for reading multiple 
files. An index finder on the recorder 
would, in essence, permit me to use op- 
tion 3 above, but with the guesswork 
reomved in positioning with the fast for- 
ward speed. I contemplated implemen- 
ting a photodetector and an LED as an 
index counter, but this would require 
modification of the recorder plus hard- 
ware for counting and displaying. A 
much simpler solution would be to 
deveiope a software index counter that 
would take advantage of existing 
recorder switch-sensing and motor- 
control carabilities of the PET. The 
machine language program, described 
below, uses an index number correspon- 
ding to each program position on the 



tape. Also given is the methoc for deter- 
mining the correct index nu Tiber cor- 
responding to each program on the tape. 

Indexing Approach: Theory 

A successful tape positioning pro- 
gram can be implemented if the fast for- 
ward speed of the recorder is run for the 
correct length of time and if tf is correct 
length of time can be determ ned for a 
given program. 

The first requirement can be met easi- 
ly by using the PET's ability tD sense if 
the recorder buttons are pressed and to 
stop the recorder under progran control. 
The tape of interest is simply loaded into 
the recorder and rewound; tfie correct 
time constant for the desired p rogram is 
then entered into the PET. The: position- 
ing program Instructs the user to press 
"fast forward." The program vi/aits until 
a recorder button depression is 
detected, then begins timing until a time 
corresponding to the index time has 
elapsed, at which point the recorder 
motor is stopped. A prompt character is 
output to the PET screen indicating that 
the tape is positioned at the beginning 
of the desired program on tapo and that 
the user should now pres the "stop" but- 
ton. Upon sensing the depression of the 
recorder stop button, the indexing pro- 
gram places the recorder undi3r manual 
control for subsequent use in loading 
the program from tape and them exits to 
the operating systems monitDr. If this 
machine language positionlnci program 
is stored in a safe memory SLCh as the 
cassette number 2 buffer (M826-M1023) 
when the PET is powered up, it will 
always be available for positioning pro- 
grams and data files with no time lost in 
loading the program each time it is need- 
ed. 



The second requirement for im- 
plementing an indexing system, that of 
determining the correct time constant 
for a given program, is more demanding. 
Not being able to read the tape header 
while the recorder is running fast for- 
ward, one must find another means of 
determining the fast forward time re- 
quired for positioning a tape. A related 
time that can be obtained easily is the 
amount of time required to rewind the 
program tape. The PET can detect when 
the rewind button Is depressed and can 
count time until the user presses "stop" 
when the tape is rewound. This time can 
be directly, although not simply, cor- 
related with the fast forward time re- 
quired to position to the beginning of the 
program to be entered. Of course the 
problem in relating the rewind speed to 
the fast forward speed occurs because 
the tape speed (cm/sec pass the 
recorder head) varies even though the 
drive speed (revolutions/sec) is the same 
in each direction. (That the drive speed 
is the same fast forward as rewind is 
easily proven by measuring the time 
taken to run through a complete tape in 
the fast forward mode. This time can be 
compared with the time taken to rewind 
the tape. The two times should be ap- 
proximately equal.) 

With the forward and reverse drive 
speeds the same, the following integral 
equation can be used to relate the re- 
wind time (tr) and the fast forward time 
(tf) in terms of the minimum tape radius 
(ro), the rate of radius change (c), and the 
time (tm) required to rewind the tape 
from the end to the beginning. 

^f r*r 

'(rQ + ct)dt = S \xq + c(t^ - t)]dt 

This equation can be solved for the fast 
forward speed: 



I 

i 



November, 1979 



MICRO — The 6502 Journal 



18:11 



Listing 1. 



f 
where 



970 


20 


DO 


D6 




JSR 


54992 


973 


A9 


10 






LDAIM 


16 


975 


2C 


10 


E8 


WAIT1 


BIT 


59408 


978 


DO 


FB 






BNE 


WAIT1 


980 


AQ 


02 


02 


NEXT 


LDA 


514 


9o3 


CD 


02 


02 


WAIT2 


CMP 


514 


986 


FO 


FB 






BEQ 


WAIT2 


988 


C6 


08 






DEC 


08 


990 


DO 


F4 






BNE 


NEXT 


992 


C6 


09 






DEC 


09 


994 


10 


FO 






BPL 


NEXT 


996 


A9 


34 






LDAIM 


52 


998 


8D 


07 


02 




STA 


519 


1001 


A9 


3D 






LDAIM 


61 


1003 


8D 


13 


E8 




STA 


59411 


1006 


A9 


5F 






LDAIM 


95 


1008 


20 


D2 


FF 




JSR 


65490 


1011 


A9 


10 






LDAIM 


16 


1013 


2C 


10 


E8 


WAIT 3 


BIT 


59408 


1016 


FO 


FB 






BEQ 


ViiAIT3 


1018 


A9 


00 






LDAIM 


00 


1020 


8D 


07 


02 




STA 


519 


1023 


60 








RTS 




(2t t + k^ + 2kt - 
m r r 


vV' 


'' -k 


recorder is pressed, the cc 



t t 
m r 



Vzt 



Vzt 



t. 



t 



f r 

The value for k can be determined for 
tapes of various lengths (15 min., 30 
min., 60 min., etc.) by running fast for- 
ward for a time, measuring the rewind 
time, and evaluating equation 3. This 
should be repeated for several different 
times and an average value obtained for 
k. 

Program Implementation 

Using the techniques outlined, a tape 
indexing program can easily be im- 
plemented for the PET. Listing 1 gives a 
machine language program that will run 
a tape fast forward for a given time and 
stop the cassette motor. The program is 
run, after the correct tape has been load- 
ed and rewound, by calling the user 
function X = USR (TC) where TC, the in- 
dex time constant, is the number of jif- 
fies required to position the tape cor- 
rectly. Time is evaluated in jiffies 
because the PET has a jiffy counter 
which is convenient to use and the tim- 
ing resolution provided is quite suffi- 
cient. 

The program uses several features of 
the PET'S operating system. The 
subroutine at M54992 converts the argu- 
ment of the USR function from the 
floating accumulator to a 16-bit integer 
with the LSB in M8 and the MSB in IV19. 
Bit 4 of M59408 senses the status of the 
recorder switches. If any switch of the 



bit is 0; otherwise it is 1. 

The jiffy counter, which the PET uses 
as a part of its real-time clock, is located 
in M514 and is incremented 60 times a 
second by the operating system. The 
cassette flag is located in M519. A 52 
must be loaded in order to control the 
recorder motor using the program and 
then restored to before exiting the pro- 
gram, leaving the recorder under manual 
control. With the cassette flag set cor- 
rectly, the recorder can be stopaed by 
the program by loading the value 61 into 
M59411. Finally, the subrout ne at 
M65490 is used to display a prompt on 
the video screen informing the us9r that 
the tape is positioned and that the 
"stop" button should be pressed 

The positioning program can b€ called 
either from a BASIC program or by direct 
command. Listing 2 is a BASIC program 
for loading the machine languaije pro- 



gram into memory when the PET is 
powered up. The program is stored in the 
upper portion of the number 2 cassette 
buffer and will remain loaded until the 
user writes over the memory or the PET 
is reset. This location leaves available 
protected memory from M826 to M970 
for other machine language programs. 

Listing 3 is a BASIC program called 
TAPE capable of providing several 
useful functions for a tape indexing, 
system. The program, as currently 
dimensioned, indexes 10 tapes with up 
to 10 programs per tape. The functions 
are available by entering various com- 
mands. To position a tape for reading 
program number k on tape numberi. , 
enter R. (The machine language program 
of Listing 1 is assumed to be loaded.) To 
update a program name or index time 
constant in the index, enter a U. The tape 
number and program number will be re- 
quested by the program. 

To determine the rewind time and fast 
forward time for a program number k, 
enter a T. The tape containing the pro- 
gram to be indexed should be positioned 
so that it Is at the end of the program. If 
the tape is not at this point it can be 
positioned by verifying, using the pro- 
gram name (i.e., VERIFY "program 
name"). This will position the tape cor- 
rectly, even though a verify error will oc- 
cur. The time constant measured and 
displayed using the T command is ac- 
tually the index time for the program 
k -I- 1 and is automatically entered into 
the index by the T command, so that the 
U command is not needed. 

To look at the Index of a given tape, 
enter I and the tape number. The index 
will appear on the PET screen with the 
program number, name, and time cons- 
tant displayed. To save the index data 
file, an S command is entered. The index 
file should be saved if any tape index 
was updated or added to by using the T 
command. The data file is placed direct- 
ly following the BASIC program TAPE on 
the tape. This is done by verifying TAPE 
before writing the data file. If the index 
data file has never been written on tape, 
the TAPE program should be entered at 
10200 (I.e., RUN 10200) instead of 10000 
since the first thing the program does is 
read the data file. 

The most important part of the TAPE 
program is the index time constant 



00 


REM 


TAPE 


10 


DATA 


32, 


20 


DATA 


251, 


30 


DATA 


198, 


40 


DATA 


52, 


50 


DATA 


169, 


60 


DATA 


232, 


70 


FOR 


A=970 


80 


POKE 


1, 2 


90 


END 





Listing 2. 

POSITIONING PROGRAM, 
208, 214, 169, 16, 44 
173, 2, 2, 205, 2, 2 
8, 208, 244, 198, 
141, 7, 2, 169, 61 
95, 32, 210, 255, 
240, 251, 169, 0, 
TO 1023: READ B : 



X=USR(TC) 
16, 232, 208 
240, 251 
9, 16, 240, 169 

141, 19, 232 
169, 16, 44, 16 
141, 7, 2, 96 
POKE A,B : NEXT 



202, : POKE 2,3 



determining routine. In order to use ttie 
mactiine language positioning program, 
all ttiat is needed is ttie time constant. 

If one simply writes ttie time constant 
by ttie program name on tiis tape label, 
ttiere is no need for ttie TAPE program to 
be used eacti time a specific program is 
to be read. Instead, TAPE will most likely 
be read wtien index editing or surveying 
is desired. Ttie pertinent lines for obtain- 
ing ttie index time constant are 
14100-14700. Ttie values determined for 
tm and k in equation 2 were 6000 jiffies 
and 5000 jiffies respectively, for a 60 
minute tape. 

Alttiougti ttie constants for a 30 
minute tape were somewtiat larger ttian 
tialf ttie 60 minute tape constants, ttie 
relatively low degree of accuracy re- 
quired to position wittiin ttie 10 second 
buffer written by ttie PET prior to eacti 
program allows considerable freedom in 
ttie selection of ttie constants. Line 
14400 uses ttie PET BASIC function 
WAIT to monitor the recorder buttons in 
measuring ttie rewind time. Ttie user 



stiould try to press "stop" as soon as 
ttie tape is rewound, since consiiderable 
error can be introduced if thu rewind 
time is not measured consistently. 
Final Comments 

Pertiaps a word of caution is in order. 
Ttie user stiould avoid placing programs 
ttiat may require extensive revisions in 
ttie middle portion of a tape, since ttie 
revised program migtit ttien exte nd on to 
ttie next program on ttie tape. However, 
once a program tias been develciped, ttie 
use of multiple files per tape is often 
quite convenient. 

After implementing ttie tape ndexing 
and positioning programs, I find ttiat I no 
longer dread ttie ttiougtit of tiaving to 
read a program from ttie mjd(jle of a 
cassette. In fact, reading ttie seventti or 
eigtitti program on ttie tape takes only 
sligtitly longer ttian reading ttie first pro- 
gram. Hopefully, ottier PET entnusiasts 
will find ttie program useful. In any case, 
discovering and utilizing some of ttie 
"hidden" powers of my PET was ha/f the 
fun. 



Listing 3. 

10000 DIM TN$(10,10),TM(10,10) 

10050 OPEN 1,1,0, "TAPE INDEX" 

10070 FORJrITOlO 

10100 F0RI=1T010:INPUT#1,TN$(J,I),T$:TM(J,I)=VAL(T$):NEXT:NEXT 

10150 CLOSE 1 

10200 PRINT"R : READ, U: UPDATE, T: TIME, I: INDEX, S: SAVE" 

10250 PRINT"TAPE # & COMMAND" :INPUTL , C$ 

10300 IFC$="R"THENG0SUB12000:G0T010200 

10400 IFC$="U"THENG0SUB1 3000 :G0T01 0200 

1 0500 IFC$= "T"THENGOSUB 1 4000 : GOT0 1 0200 

10600 IFC$="I"THENG0SUB1 5000 :G0T01 0200 

10700 IFC$="S"THENG0SUB1 1000:GOT010200 

10800 PRINT" f/7":GOTO10200 

11000 PRINT"TAPE REWOUND". -INPUTY^ 

11100 VERIFY"TAPE":WAIT59408,16 

11200 P0KE243,122:P0KE2J;4,2:0PEN1,T1,"TAPE INDEX" 

11300 F0RJ=1T010 

11400 FORI=1T010:T$=STR$(TM(J,I)):PRINT#i,TN$(J,I)","T$:NEXT 

11500 NEXT 

11600 CLOSE 1: RETURN 

12000 PRINT"ENTER PGM # ":INPUTK 

12100 PRINT"TAPE ";L;" LOADED & REWOUND" :INPUTY$ 

12200 PRINT"PRESS F-p' :X=USR(TM(L,K) ) 

12300 RETURN 

13000 PRINT"ENTER PGM # TO UPDATE (0 TO EXIT) " : INPUTK 

13100 IFK=OTHENRETURN 

13200 PRINT"NEW TITLE" :INPUTTN$(L ,K) 

13300 PRINT"NEW TIME":INPUTTM(L,K) 

13400 GOT0 13000 

14000 PRINT"PGM # & TITLE" :INPUTK,TN$(L,K) 

14100 PRINT"ENTER 1 FOR 30 MIN TAPE, 2 FOR 60 MIN" 

14200 INPUTZ:MX=3000»Z:TK=2500»Z 

14300 PRINT"PRESS REWIND" 

14400 WAIT59408 ,16,1 6 :T=TI :WAIT59408 , 1 6 

14500 T=TI-T:PRINT"REWIND TIME = ";T 

14600 TM(L,K-h1)=INT(SQR(2»MX»T-hTKT2-h2»TK»T-T^2)-TK) 

14700 PRINT"FAST FORWARD TIME = ";TM(L,K-h1) 

14800 RETURN 

15000 PRINT"»","»»»TAPE ";L;" INDEX»»»" :PRINT 

15100 FORI=1TO10:PRINT"#";I;TN$(L,I);TAB(32);TM(L,I):PRIKT:NEXT 

15200 RETURN 



Classified Ads 



PET LANGUAGE MACHINE GUIDE- 
comprehensive manual to aid the 
machine language programmer. More 
than 30 routines are fully detaiird so 
that the reader can put them to use 
immediately. Specify old or new 
ROMS. $6.95 plus .75 for postage. 
Visa or Mastercharge accepted. 
Money back guarantee (10 days). 
Contact: 

ABACUS SOFTWARE 

P.O. 60x7211 

Grand Rapids, Ml 49510 

NEW BOWLING PROGRAM FOR AP- 
PLE: One to four players compete in a 
standard bowling game. Challenging 
game with excellent quality AP- 
PLESOFT program. Cassette $9.95. 
Order from: 

C.E. Howerton 

125 Marcella Road 

Hampton, VA 23666 

AIM 65 NEWSLETTER 

Six bimonthly issues for $5.00 in U.S 

and Can. ($12.00 elsewhere) 

The Target, c/o Donald Clem 

RR no. 2 

Spencerville, Ohio 45887 

Advertising Software for APPLE: 
$25 buys SCROLLING WONDER, 
GIANT LETTER, and HI-RES 
ALPHANUMERtCS: on cassette, 
16kb. $25 buys Mutti-Message with 
fNTERLEAVED KALEIDOSCOPE, and 
Multi-Message with ir4TERLEAVED 
ABSTRACT ART: on cassette, 32kb. 
Send check or money order to: 

Connecticut Information 

Systems 

218 Huntington Rd. 

Bridgeport, CT 06608 

EXTENDED MONITOR for TIM reads 
and writes KIM format cassette using 
comparifor and 5 discretes; 7 more 
commands. 2708 PROM at ECOO for 
$28 incl. hardware; + $7 to relocate. 
SASA or phone for info: 

Phil Lange 

206 Santa Clara Ave. 

Dayton, Ohio 45405 

(513) 278-0506 

OPTIMIZE APPLESOFT pgms: 
shorten variable names; remove 
remarks and extra colons; con- 
catenate lines; renumber; list 
variable cross-references. (2) 1.3K 
programs for (16-48K) Apple H's. 
Cassette $15, disc $20 from: 

Sensible Software 

P.O. Box 2395 

Dearborn, Ml. 48123 

More Classifieds on page 20. 



A Warning: 

The MncRoTcn" 

is For ProFessionol 
Programmers — and Very 
Serious Rmoteurs — Only 

Now: a machine language pro- 
gramming powerliouse for tlie 
knowledgeable programmer who 
wants to extend the PET's capa- 
bilities to the maximum. The 
MacroTeA, the Relocating Macro 
Text EditonAssembler from Skyles 
Electric Works. 

The Skyles MacroTeA is a super 
powerful text editor. 26 powerful 
editing commands. String search and 
replace capability. Manuscript feature 
for letters and other text. Text loading 
and storage on tape or discs. Supports 
tape drives, discs, CRT, printers and 
keyboard. 

The Skyles MacroTeA is a relocating 
machine language assembler with true 
macro capabilities. A single name 
identifies a whole body of lines. You 
write in big chunks, examine, modify 
and assemble the complete program. 
And, when loading, the MacroTeA goes 
where you want it to go. Macro and 
conditional assembly support. Auto- 
matic line numbering. Labels up to 10 
characters long. 

The Skyles MacroTeA is an enhance 
Monitor. 11 powerful commands to 
ease you past the rough spots of 
program debugging. 

The Skyles MacroTeA is a wanm 
start button. Over 1700 bytes of 
protected RAM memory for your object 
code. 

There's no tape loading and no 
occupying of valuable RAM memory 
space: The Skyles MacroTeA puts 10K 
bytes of executable machine language 
code in ROM (from 9800 to BFFF — 
directly below the BASIC interpreter). 
2K bytes of RAM (9000 to 97FF). 

Like all Skyles Products for the PET, it's practically plug in 
and go. No tools are needed. And, faster than loading an 
equivalent size assembler/editor from tape, the MacroTeA is 
installed permanently 

The Skyles MacroTeA: 13 chips on a single PCB. Operates 

Interfaced with the PET's parallel address and data bus or with 

the Skyles Memory Connector (When ordering, indicate if the 

MacroTeA will interface with a Skyles Memory Expansion 

System. You can save $20.) Specifications and engineering are 

up to the proven Skyles quality standards. Fully warranted for 90 

days. And, as with all Skyles products, fully and intelligently 

documented. 

VISA Mastercharge orders call (800) 227-8398 (Except Calif.) 
California orders please call (415) 494-1 2ia 

Skyles Electric Works 

10301 Stonydale Drive, Cupertino, CA 95014, (408) 735-7891 



Subroutine Parameter 
Passing 



Mark Swanson 

177 Hastings Mill Road 

Streamwood, IL 60103 



A technique that makes it easy to pass parameters to 
subroutines is presented. Whiie this method has been 
Icnown and used for many years on the big computers, it 
may be new and useful to many microcomputerists. 



Passing information from a main pro- 
gram to a subroutine is usualiy done by 
eitfier pusfiing it on the stack or storing 
the information in an area common to 
both routines. An alternative method in- 
volved having the parameters after the 
subroutine call. 

When a jump subroutine is executed 
the return address is stored on the stack 
and control is passed to the subroutine. 
If we put our parameters after the jump 
subroutine instruction, the return ad- 
dress on the stack will now point to this 
data. The subroutine can now pull the 
return address off the stack, fetch the 
parameters useing the return address, 
increment the return address to skip 
over the parmeters, and use this new ad- 
dress to return to the calling program. 

Here is an example of using this 
method of parameter passing to print a 
character string. The program MAIN 
contains a jump subroutine to the 
subroutine PTRSTR. The address of the 
beginning of the string follows the JSR 



instruction. The end of the string is 
marked by a zero byte. The routine first 
references the stack to get the return ad- 
dress and stores this in a temporary zero 
page location (locations zero and one). 
Using this address we now can access 
the string starting address located after 
the JSR. The string starting addrss is 
moved into a temporary zero page loca- 
tion (locations two and three). Using in- 
direct indexed addressing we load a byte 
of the character string, call a routine 
which prints a single byte, increments 
the Y register, and loops until the zero 
byte is found. After the entire string is 
printed, we increment the return address 
by two to skip over the string address 
parameters. We can now return to the 
calling program via an Indirect jump to 
the temporary return address locations 
(locations zero and one). 

This method of parameter passing 
can be very useful when dealing with 
subroutines that are called frequently or 
which pass large amounts of data. 



MAIN PROGRAM 



3SR 



5678 



PRTSTR JUMP TO SUBROUTINE TO PRINT A STRING 
$78 LOW PORTION OF STRING ADDRESS 
$56 HIGH PORTION' OF STRING ADDRESS 

RETURN HERE TO CONTINUE PROCESSING 

"PRINT THIS MESSAGE" 

$00 HEX ZERO TO MARK END OF STRING 



ASSEMBLE L 


ISI 
















0100 


;MOVETBL 1 TO 


TBL2 








0110 




. 8A 


$400 


0400— A/ 


08 




0120 


LOOP 


LDY 


#00 


0402— B9 


08 


04 


0130 




LDA 


TBLLY 


0405- 89 


08 


05 


0140 




STA 


TBL2,Y 


0408— 08 






0150 




INY 




0409 DO 


F7 




0160 
0170 




BNE 


LOOP 


0408 






0180 


TBL1 


.DS 


256 


0508 






0190 
0200 


T8L2 


.DS 


256 




LABEL FILE 1 = EXTERNAL 



START = 0400 

TBL2:=05OB 

110000,0608.0608 



LOOP = 0402 



TBL1 =0408 







PRINT STRING SUBROUTINE 






MARK SWANSON 








SUBROUTINE TO PRINT A STRING OF CHARACTERS 


023A 




ZERO 


* 


$00E0 




023A 




ONE 


* 


$00E1 




023A 




TWO 


* 


$00E2 




023A 




THREE 


♦ 


$00E3 




023A 




STACK 


* 


$0100 




023A 




PUTCHR 


* 


$1234 


SOME PRINT CHARACTER SUBROUTINE 


0200 






ORG 


$0200 




0200 


D8 


PRTSTR 


OLD 




CLEAR DECIMAL MODE 


0201 


BA 




TSX 




TRANSFER STACK PTR TO X REG 



0202 E8 



0203 


BD 


00 01 


0206 


85 


EO 


0208 


E8 




0209 


BD 


00 01 


020C 


85 


El 


020E 


9A 




020F 


E6 


EO 


0211 


DO 


02 


0213 


E6 


El 


0215 


AO 


00 


0217 


Bl 


EO 


0219 


85 


E2 


021B 


C8 




021C 


Bl 


EO 


021E 


85 


E3 



SINCE POINTER ALWAYS POINTS TO NEXT POSITION 
AVAILABLE, INCREMENT BY ONE 



LOAD LOW PORTION OF RETURN ADDRESS 

SAVE 

INCR X TO NEXT STACK ENTRY 

LOAD HIGH PORTION OF RETURN ADDRESS 

SAVE 

RESET STACK POINTER 

ADDRESS OFF BY 1 , SO NOW WE 

INCREMENT IT 

HIGH ADDRESS TOO, IF NECESSARY 



OVER 



INX 




LDAX 


STACK 


STA 


ZERO 


INX 




LDAX 


STACK 


STA 


ONE 


TXS 




INCZ 


ZERO 


BNE 


OVER 


INC 


ONE 


LDYIM 


$00 


LDAIY 


ZERO 


STA 


TWO 


INY 




LDAIY 


ZERO 



ZERO Y REGISTER 

LOAD FIRST PART OF STRING ADDRESS 

SAVE 

BUMP POINTER 

LOAD SECOND PART OF STRING ADDRESS 



STA THREE SAVE 

SUBROUTINE NOW HAS THE STRING ADDRESS 
NOW PRINT STRING UNTIL A HEX 00 IS FOUND 



0220 AO 


00 




LDYIM 


$00 


ZERO Y REGISTER 


0222 Bl 


E2 


LOOP 


LDAIY 


TWO 


LOAD A CHARACTER OF STRING 


0224 FO 


06 




BEG 


FINISH 


IF EOUAL TO ZERO, FINISHED 


0226 20 


34 12 




JSR 


PUTCHR 


SOME SUBROUTINE TO PRINT A 


0229 C8 






INY 




INCREMENT POINTER 


022A DO 


F6 




BNE 


LOOP 


UNCONDITICNAL 


022C 18 




FINISH 


CLC 




CLEAR CARRY 


022D A5 


EO 




LDA 


ZERO 


INCREMENT RETURN ADDRSSS BY 


022F 69 


02 




ADCIM 


$02 


TWO TO SKIP OVER 


0231 85 


EO 




STA 


ZERO 


STRING ADDRESS PARAMETERS 


0233 90 


02 




BCC 


END 


DONE IF NO CARRY 


0235 E6 


El 




INC 


ONE 


BUMP HIGH ADDRESS IF CARRY 


0237 6C 


EO CO 


END 


JMI 


ZERO 


JUMP INDIRECT TO RESUME MAI 



CFARACTER 



To Order PflOGRRMMCR'S ToolKit or MflCRoTcfl — 

Custom designed to plug into your PET. So, when ordering, please indicate if your 
Toolkit: 



Is ProgromminQ Fu n? 

Have More Fun, 
Make Feujer €rrors. 
Complete Programs Much 
Foster . . . oiith the 

BnSICpROGRnMM€R'S 

Toolkit™ 

Now you can modify, polish, simplify, 
add new features to your PET pro- 
grams far more quicl<ly while reducing 
the potential for error. That all adds up 
to more fun . . . and the BASIC 
Programmer's Tool Kit. 

The magic of the ToolKit: 2KB of 
ROM firmware on a single chip with a 
collection of machine language pro- 
grams available to you from the time 
you turn on your PET to the time you 
shut if off. No tapes to load or to 
interfere with any running programs. 
And the Programmer's ToolKit installs 
in minutes, without tools. 

Here are the 10 commands that can 
be yours instantly and automatically 
. . . guaranteed to make your BASIC 
programming a pleasure: 



AUTO 


RENUMBER 


DELETE 


HELP 


TRACE 


STEP 


OFF 


APPEND 


DUMP 


FIND 







Every one a powerful command to 
insure more effective programming. 
Like the HELP command that shows 
the line on which the error occurs 
. . . and the erroneous portion is 
indicated in reverse video: 



HELP 
500 J = SQR(A*B/a) 



... Or the TRACE command that 
lets you see the sequence in which 
your program is being executed in a 
window in the upper corner of your 
CRT: 




.will be used with the Skyles Memory Expansion System, or 
.will be used with the ExpandaPet, or Expandmem 

.will be used with the PET 2001-8 alone 
(We furnish connectors to the memory expansion bus and to ttie second cassette interface. 
will be used with the PET 2001-16, -32 (chip only) 



$80.00* 
$80.00- 
$80.00- 

$50.00* 



.will be used with Skyles MacroTeA 



$50.00- 



The Programmer's ToolKit is a 
product of Harry Saal and his 
associates at Palo Alto ICs. 

So, if you really want to be into 
BASIC programming — and you want 
to have fun while you're doing it, order 
your BASIC Programmer's Toolkit 

YourMacroTeA. Custom designed for your PET. So specify your PET model when orderlng.$395.00- now. We guarantee you'll be de- 

(Importani Savings: If it's to be used with a Skyles Memory Expansion System, the MacroTeA can lighted with it. 

plug directly into the Skyles connector. So you save $20. The Skyles MacroTeA is only $375.00 

when interfaced with the Skyles Memory Expansion System.) ~~ 

Send your check or money order to Skyles Electric Works. VISA, Mastercharge orders may call (800) 

227-8398. (California residents: please phone (415) 494-1210.) 

Ten Day Unconditional Money-Back Guarantee on all products sold by Skyles Electric Works, except chip only. 

California residents: please add 6-6 Vi% California sales tax. 

Skyles Electric Works 10301 Stonydale Drive, Cupertino, CA 95014, (408) 735-7891 




[Pl^OtlK]! 



i@[F¥MaiE][ 



Presents 
Software and Hardware for your APPLE 



SALES FORECAST provides the best forecast using the four 
most popular forecasting techniques: linear regression, log 
trend, power curve trend, and exponential smoothing. Neil D. 
Lipson's program uses artificial intelligence to determine the 
best fit and displays all results for manual intervention. $9.95 

CURVE FIT accepts any number of data points, distributed in 
any fassion, and fits a curve to the set of points using log 
curve fit, exponential curve fit, least squares, or a power curve 
fit. It will compute the best fit or employ a specific type of fit, 
and display a graph of the result. By Dave Garson. $9.95 

PERPETUAL CALENDAR may be used with or without a 
printer. Apart from the usual calendar functions, it computes 
the number of days between any two dates and displays suc- 
cessive months in response to a single keystroke. Written by 
Ed Hanley. $9.95 

STARWARS is Bob Bishop's version of the original and best 
game of intergallactic combat. You fire on the invader after 
aligning his fighter in your crosshairs. This is a high resolution 
game, in full color, that uses the paddles. $9.95 

ROCKET PILOT is an exciting game that simulates blasting off 
in a rocket ship. The rocket actually accelerates you up and 
over a mountain; but if you are not careful, you will run out of 
sky. Bob Bishop's program changes the contour of the land 
every time you play the game. $9.95 

SPACE MAZE puts you in control of a rocket ship that you 
must steer out of a maze using paddles or a joystick. It is a real 
challenge, designed by Bob Bishop using high resolution 
graphics and full color. $9.95 

MISSILE ANTI-MISSILE displays a target on the screen and a 
three dimensional map of the United States. A hostile sub- 
marine appears and launches a pre-emptive nuclear attack 
controlled by paddle 1. As soon as the hostile missile is fired, 
the U.S. launches its anti-missile controlled by paddle 0. Dave 
Moteles' program offers high resolution and many levels of 
play. $9.95 

MORSE CODE helps you learn telegraphy by entering letters, 
words or sentences, in English, which are plotted on the 
screen using dots and dashes. Ed Hanley's program also 
generates sounds to match the screen display, at several 
transmission speed levels. $9.95 

POLAR COORDINATE PLOT is a high resolution graphics 
routine that displays five classic polar plots and aJso permits 
the operator to enter his own equation. Dave Moteles' program 
will plot the equation on a scaled grid and then flash a table of 
data points required to construct a similar plot on paper. $9.95 

UTILITY PACK 1 combines four versatile programs by Vince 
Corsetti, for any memory configuration. 

POSTAGE AND HANDLING 

Please add $1 .00 for the first item 
and $.50 tor each additional item. 

• Programs accepted for publication 

• Highest royalty paid 



• Integer to Applesoft conversion: Encounter only those 
syrtax errors unique to Applesoft after using this program 
to convert any Integer BASIC source. 

• Disk Append: Merge any two Integer BASIC sources into a 
single program on disk. 

• lnt(3ger BASIC copy: Replicate an Integer BASIC program 
from one disk to another, as often as required, with a 
single keystroke. 

• Applesoft Update: Modify Applesoft on the disk to elimin- 
ate the heading always produced when it is first run. 

• Binary Copy: Automatically determines the length and 
starting address of a program while copying its binary file 
from one disk to another in response to a single key- 
stroke. $9.95 

BLOCKADE lets two players compete by building walls to 
obstruct each other. An exciting game written in Integer 
BASIC by Vince Corsetti. $9.95 

TABLE GENERATOR forms shape tables with ease from direc- 
tional vectors and adds additional information such as star- 
ting address, length and position of each shape. Murray Sum- 
mers' Applesoft program will save the shape table anywhere in 
usable memory. $9.95 

OTHELLO may be played by one or two players and is similar 
to chess in strategy. Once a piece has been played, its color 
may be reversed many times, and there are also sudden 
reverses of luck. You can win with a single move. Vince Corset- 
ti's program does all the work of keeping board details and 
flipping pieces. $9.95 

SINGLE DRIVE COPY is a special utility program, written by 
Vince Corsetti in Integer BASIC, that will copy a diskette using 
only one drive. It is supplied on tape and should be loaded onto 
a diskette. It automatically adjusts for APPLE memory size 
and should be used with DOS 3.2. $19.95 

SAUCER INVASION lets you defend the empire by shooting 
down a flying saucer. You control your position with the pad- 
dle while firing your missile at the invader. Written by Bob 
Bishop. $9.95 

HARDWARE 

LIGHT PEN with seven supporting routines. The light meter 
takes intensity readings every fraction of a second from to 
588. The light graph generates a display of light intensity on 
the screen. The light pen connects points that have been 
drawn on the screen, in low or high resolution, and displays 
their coordinates. A special utility displays any number of 
points en the screen, for use in menu selection or games, and 
selects a point when the light pen touches it. The package in- 
cludes a light pen calculator and light pen TIC TAG TOE. Neil 
D. Lipson's programs use artificial intelligence and are not 
confused by outside light. The hi-res light pen, only, requires 
48K and ROM card. $34.95 

TO ORDER 

Send check or money order to: 

P.O. Box 273 

Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462 

PA residents add 6% sales tax. 



U.S. and foreign dealer and distributor inquiries invited 
All programs require 16K memory unless specified 



APPLE II Hires Picture Compression 



Every APPLE owner is aware of the wonderful pictures 
that can be made with the HIRES graphics. A very in- 
teresting technique is presented which allows greater 
efficiency in encoding picture information, and which 
leads to some additional special effects. 



Bob Bishop 

213 Jason Way 

Mountain View, CA 94043 



Almost every APPLE II owner has, by 
now, seen examples of how the APPLE II 
can display digitized photographs in Its 
HIRES graphics mode. These images 
consist of 192 X 280 arrays of dots all of 
the same intensity. By clustering these 
dots Into groups (such as in "dithering"), 
it is even possible to produce pictures 
having the appearance of shades of 
gray. Several "slide shows" of these 
l<inds of pictures have been created by 
both Bill Atkinson and myself and are 
available through various sources, such 
as the Apple Software Bank. A typical 
"slide show" consists of about 11 pic- 
tures on a standard 13-sector disk. Why 
only 11 pictures? Because that's about 
all that w/ill fit on a 13-sector disk. 

Each HIRES picture must reside In 
one of the two HIRES display areas 
before it can be seen. The first area, 
$2000-$3FFF, is called the primary 
display buffer; the second area, 
$4000-$5FFF, is called the secondary 
display buffer. It is obvious that each of 
these display areas are 8-K bytes long. 
Consequently, HIRES pictures are usual- 
ly stored as 8-K blocks of data, exactly 
as they appear in a display buffer. But 
do they have to be stored that way? 

If you look closely at a HIRES picture, 
you can almost always detect small 
regions that look very similar to other 
small regions elsewhere In the picture. 
For example, HIRES displays usually 
contain regions of pure white or pure 
black. In the case of dithered pictures, 
the illusion of gray may be caused by 
micro-patterns of dots that are similar to 
other gray patterns somewhere else. 
Clearly, HIRES pictures tend to contain 



a lot of redundancy. If there was some 
way of removing this redundancy then it 
would be possible to store HIRES pic- 
tures In less than the customary 8-K 
bytes of memory. 

Suppose we were to divide the display 
Into small rectangular clusters, each 7 
bits wide, by 7 bits high. Then a picture 
would consist of 24 rows of these pic- 
ture elements ("pixels"), with 40 of them 
per row. (Note the resemblance to the 
APPLE ll's TEXT mode of 24 lines, 40 col- 
umns per line!) The total number of pix- 



els that would be needed to define a 
HIRES picture would then be 40 times 
24, or 960. However, not all 960 pixels 
would be unique if there was redundan- 
cy in this picture. 

To try out these ideas, I used Atkin- 
son's LADY BE GOOD picture (from the 
Apple Magic Lantern — Slide Show 2) 
shown in Figure 1, and wrote a program 
to extract all the different pixels. I found 
that only 662 of the 960 pixels were uni- 
que. This meant that almost one third of 
the picture was redundant! 




Figure 1: (Max errors/pixel = 0) 



November, 1979 



IVIICRO — The 6502 Journal 



18:17 




M^-i ■■■ ••H-li'Esli-ISiSsli'iiifi; ■ 





Figure 2: (Max errors/pixel =3) 



The next question that came to mind 
was: of the 622 unique pixels, how 'uni- 
que' were they? Was it possible that 
there might be two or more pixels that 
were almost the same, except for maybe 
one or two dots that differed? If so, then 
it could be possible to regard these as 
being identical 'for all practical pur- 
poses' since the error in the resulting 
picture would hardly be noticed. 

To examine this possibility, I modified 
my program to extract only those pixels 
that differed by more than a specified 
MAX ERRORS/PIXEL Table 1 shows the 
results. If we allow, at most, 1 dot to be 
wrong in any one pixel, then we need on- 
ly 492 pixels to define the picture, which 
is only about half of the original 960 pix- 
els! As we allow more and more errors 
per pixel, the number of pixels required 
to reconstruct the picture decreases ac- 
cordingly, until we reach 28 errors/pixel. 



fMiS^aii gglljgjgf! 



At this point we are allowing half of the 
dots to be wrong. Since total blacl< and 
total white are always included in every 
pixel set (to prevent black or white areas 
from becoming dotted), pictures with 
MAX ERRORS/PIXEL greater than or 
equal to 28 can always be composed of 
no more than two pixels, namely the 
blacl< and white pixels. 

Suppose we now try to reconstruct the 
original picture from our extracted pixel 
set. Clearly, the fewer pixels vie have 
available for synthesizing, the poorer the 
result will be. Figures 2 through 5 show 
the results of synthesizing LADY BE 
GOOD with MAX ERRORS/PIXEL, of 3, 7, 
14, and 28. The number of pixels used in 
each case was 245, 75, 15, and 2, respec- 
tively. Notice that the difference in quali- 
ty between Figures 1 and 2 is not all that 
objectionable. The advantage that Figure 
2 has is that it can be stored in l€!ss than 




jp,5(r(.::::;;::!i:;;gr!^^gA!:Kr.::: .; 








3-K bytes of memory! (245 pixels at 8 
bytes/pixel, plus 960 bytes to define 
which pixels go where.) 

Thus it is clearly possible to store an 
8-K l-IIRES picture in considerably less 
than 8-K bytes, if you are willing to ac- 
cept a little loss in the image quality. By 
using this principle, I have produced a 
"Super Slide Show" containing 33 pic- 
tures on a single disl<. (Copies may be 
obtained from Apple's Software Bank.) 



Figure 3: (Max errors/pixel = 7) 



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END 


1261 



The Compression Program 

Listings 1 and 2 show the compres- 
sion routines (and some associated data 
tables), and require an APPLE II with at 
least 32-K bytes of memory. The routines 
consist of two basic parts— the 
"analysis" portion, and the "synthesis" 
portion. 

The analysis routine ($0B00) searches 
the primary HIRES display buffer 
($2000-$3FFF) and compares each pixel 
there with the pixels in its own current 
pixel table (wfiich starts at $0600) look- 
ing for a "match". If it finds a pixel in the 
table that matches to within the 
specified MAX ERRORS/PIXEL (location 
$10), it calls a match and proceeds to the 
next pixel in the picture. If it falls to find 
a match, it adds the pixel to its current 
pixel table and then proceeds. 

The synthesis r-outine ($0B80) works in 
the othpr direction. It first compares 
each pixel of the primary buffer with 
each pixel in the pixel table to find the 
best match. It then places this pixel In 
the corresponding location in the secon- 
dary HIRES buffer, thus synthesizing the 
best approximation to the primary pic- 
ture as It can by using the pixels In Its 
pixel table.(Since the analysis routine 
doesn't know where its pixel table 
originated. It is possible to synthesize 
one picture from another picture's pix- 
els! The result is usually surprisingly 
good.) 

The routines are very easy to use. 
Simply load the picture to be compress- 
ed into $2000-$3FFF, set MAX ER- 
RORS/PIXEL into $10, and then call the 
routine at $0B00. When the routine 
returns, locations $07 and $08 contain 
the number of extracted pixels In the 
form: NUMBER = 1 -i- (contents of $07) + 
40' (contents of $08). 

To synthesize the picture from the ex- 
tracted pixels, simply call the routine at 
$0B80. When the routine returns, the 
reconstructed picture will be in the 
secondary HIRES buffer ($4000-$5FFF). 

If you have a 48-K APPLE and a disk, 
you can use the BASIC program shown 
in Listing 3. This program calls the com- 
pression routines (Listings 1 and 2) in a 
more user-oriented way so that they are 
even easier to use. The program displays 
a menu of options that let you: 

L— Load a picture from disk into 
the primary HIRES buffer 

1— Display the picture currently In 
the primary HIRES buffer 

2— Display the picture currently In 
the secondary HIRES buffer 

A— Analyze the primary picture 
(create the pixel table.) 

S— Synthesize the primary picture 
using the current pixel table. 

D— Issue disk commands. 



November, 1979 




Figure 4: (Max errors/pixel =14) 



X— Transfer the compressed 
picture to disk drive number 2. 



None of the selections require you to 
hit RETURN; just hit the corresponding 
character. When specifying "L", the pro- 
gram will ask you for the name of the file 
to be loaded. When specifying "A", you 
will be asked for the minimum error per 
pixel that you will allow. (This does re- 
quire a RETURN.). The "D" command 
will give a colon (:) as the prompt 
character and will allow you to Issue 
disk commands. It will continue In this 
mode until you give It a null command 
(hit RETURN) at which time it will return 
to the menu. The "X" command saves 
the compressed picture (960 bytes) and 
its corresponding pixel table (up to'2K 
bytes) onto a disk file. (I will leave It up to 
the Interested reader to figure out how 
to "un-compress" this data.) 
I'lMUIHUHlHIl 



Concluding Remarks 

While the methods In this paper work 
pretty well, they may not represent the 
optimum way of compressing APPLE II 
picture data. For example, my choice of 
7x8 dot pixels was somewhat arbitrary. 
Is it possible to get better compression 
ratios by choosing smaller (or larger) pix- 
el sizes? 

Another interesting question is; Given 
a picture that was reconstructed from a 
given set of N pixels, is it possible to find 
another set of N pixels that gives a bet- 
ter result? 

I hope that these unanswered ques- 
tions will help motivate someone else in- 
to joining the investigation of HIRES pic- 
ture compressing methods. 




Figure 5: (Max errors/pixel = 28) 
MICRO ~ The 6502 Journal 



18:19 



500 



400 



<0 

■J 
Ul 
X 

u. 
o 

oc 

lU 

S 



300 



200 



100 




max errors 


number ot 


per pixel 


pixels 





662 


1 


492 


2 


334 


3 


245 


4 


178 


5 


135 


6 


100 


7 


75 


8 


53 


9 


44 


1 


34 


1 1 


29 


1 2 


24 


1 3 


18 


1 4 


15 


1 5 


11 


1 6 


10 


1 7 


7 


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7 


1 9 


6 


20 


5 


22 


4 


24 


4 


26 


4 


28 


2 



mmm 



m^ 



^l. 



Classified JM^- 



SYM-t OWNERS-SYM/KrM Appsn- 
dix to First Book of KIM detaUa 
ctr^ngss to KIM games run on BAStC. 
SVU-1. Changes Shown line by thn, 
foad, modify, and run Appendix only 
$4.25 First Book of KIM $», comt»' 
.both $t2.5Q postpaid Order fromr 

Robert A Peck 

PO. Box 2231 

Sunnyvatei CA 94087 



DATA ENCRVPTIQN FOR SUPER- 
BOARD 11 Powerfully secure 
algorkhm. fast. and efficient.' Vitfeo 
and/or UART I/O. Easy to use soft- 
ware system available on high quaftt/ 
cassete tape. S21 95 includes detaih 
ed instruction manual 

D WOLF, Ph-O 

15 Princess Rbad 

London. NW1 
England 



MAX ERRORS/PIXEL 




fi 







Listing 1. 


0834 


2^11 


8280 


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8010 


: BUILD PIKEL TfieLE 


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0080 


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18:20 






MICRO - 


- The 6602 Journal 




November, 1979 



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0950 




JSR WJTO 


1132 


R403 


1510 


LDV *XTO 


0eE8 


R584 


0960 




LDfi *VTO 


1134 


518E 


1528 


EOR (TO >.V 


0BEfl 


C9i8 


mm 




CUP 


18 


1136 


297F 


1550 


fl^C' 7F 


0Bh'C 


Def;8 


mm 




^E RLUP 


1138 


fl8 


1546 


TflV 


0BEE 


4C3fiFF 


msd 




m BELL 


1139 


696016 


1556 


LDfi BITS.V 






1600 








113C 


6586 


1560 


mC *SCOR 


0BFi 


E683 


1010 


NUTC 


JNC 


*XTO 


113E 


8566 


1578 


STfi *SCOR 


0BF2 


PFM 


1020 




LL^ *MTO 


1148 


fiSSC- 


1586 


LDfi *fiT +81 


0BF5 


C928 


1636 




CMP 


28 


1142 


6984 


1596 


fiDC 24 


0Bf7 


D^6 


1640 




BNE RET 


1144 


858D 


1606 


STfl *fiT +81 


0BF9 


H986 


1050 




LDfi m 


1146 


R58F 


1616 


LDfi *T0 +01 


0BFE: 


8503 


1066 




STfi *XTO 


1148 


6964 


1626 


fiDC 64 


0afC' 


E£«4 


1070 




I^C *VTO 


114fl 


8^ 


1636 


STfi *T0 +81 


0BFF 


68 


1889 
1690 


RET 


RTS 




114C 
1140 


Cfi 
D-eDF 


1640 
1656 


&Si CLUP 






1180 


• HOVE fl PIXEL 


114F 


68 


1666 


PLfi 






1110 


.FROHXflLVfiT.ZflT. 


1158 


ft8 


1676 


TfiV 


November, 1979 








MICRO - 


- The 6502 Journal 







18:21 



115^ 


68 


16fB 


PLfl 


1152 


m 


1690 


m< 


1153 


6B 


1700 

173J 


RT5 


1154 


am? 


1728 


PRhP LDR *ZflT 


1156 


6fi 


17313 


ROR 


11.57 


6fi 


1740 


ROR 


1158 


SB 


17513 


R«3R 


1159 


6fi 


1766 


ROR 


115fi 


2m 


i7?0 


flf-C* 60 


115C 


858[J 


i7f30 


SIP. *RT +81 


115E 


fi565 


179J3 


LDfl *ZTO 


1160 


gfi 


18(B 


ROR 


1161 


€f\ 


1810 


ROR 


1162 


6R 


18213 


ROR 


1165 


f;fi 


ism 


ROR 


1164 


2966 


ism 


mo €Q 


1166 


:358F 


iBf£ 


STfi *T0 +81 


116:3 


RJ^i 


I860 


L0fi *yfiT 


116fi 


&B 


187^3 


fiSL 


116B 


m 


1880 


mi 


il6C 


m 


1890 


flSL 


iia> 


m 


19^3 


TflIK 


116E 


Bmmc 


1910 


LDfi HGRL... K 


1171 


856C 


1928 


STfi m 


1173 


BDeeeD 


19313 


LDB H6RK. X 


1176 


29iF 


1940 


8ND IF 


1178 


emu 


1950 


fi0C *flT +81 


li7B 


sm> 


I960 


SIR *RT +01 


117C: 


R564 


i9?0 


LDR =*V'Tn 


117E 


8ft 


1980 


fiSL 


117F- 


8fi 


1990 


fiSL 


1180 


m 


2em 


fiSL 


1181 


m 


2010 


TftX 


118£ 


BD80SC 


2020 


LDR HCRL. K 


1185 


858£: 


2Qm 


STfi *T0 


1187 


BD66&D 


2040 


LDfi HGRH. X 


llSfl 


29iF 


2J35rf3 


fif® IF 


118C 


656F 


2060 


ADC *T0 +01 


118E 


856F 


2870 


STfi *T0 +01 


11^1 


fl288 


2080 


LDX 08 


1192 


60 


2090 

2100 


RTS 


1193 


2mmc 


2110 


mu JSR $0CC0 


1196 


fl97F 


21.26 


LDfi 7F 


1198 


8Dei68 


2130 


STR $€mi 


119B 


809164 


2140 


STfi $6481 


119E 


9)6168 


2150 


STfi $6881 


llfil 


soeiec 


21^^ 


STfi $6C8i 


llfl4 


8D617y 


2170 


STfi STilU 


llfl7 


8D9174 


2188 


STfi 17481 


llflfl 


m^i?8 


2190 


STfi $7881 


llflC- 


8D817G 


2200 


STfi $7C0i 


11B0 


fi966 


2210 


LDfi 00 


1182 


8568 


222& 


STfi *yKftX 


11B4 


H9ei 


2230 


LDfi 01 



18:22 



11B6 


8507 


2240 


STR*XMf5f 


11B8 


68 


2250 
2260 


RTS 








22?8 


.OR 1288 


1268 


98 


2280 


STOR TVfi 




1281 


48 


229J3 


PHfi 




1282 


ft583 


2.300 


LDfi *XTO 


120-4 


8511 


2310 


STfi *ydH 


1266 


fi^4 


2320 


LDfi *VTO 


128^: 


8512 


2.330 


STfi *S'IH 


128fi 


282C12 


2340 


JSR 


>m 


120!:' 


R513 


23-50 


LDfi *PROD+00 


128F 


858e 


2360 


STfi *T0 +00 


1211 


18 


2370 


CLC 




i?1? 


fi514 


2.3a? 


LDfi *PRO£?+01 


1214 


6980 


2390 


ADC 80 


1216 


BmF 


24m 


STfi *T0 +81 


1218 


R588 


2410 


LDfi *XftT 


121B 


8511 


2420 


STfi *XIN 


12iC 


R501 


2430 


LDfi «VfiT 


121F 


8512 


244^1 


STfi 


*VIN 


1220 


282C12 


24!:i 


JSR 


YA^ 


122-; 


R5i3 


2468 


LDB 


mm 


1225 


R068 


24?f^ 


LDV 


m 


1227 


9i9t: 


248v? 


STB 


(TO ). V 


1229 


68 


249!? 


Pl.R 




12^ 


m 


25^6 


TRV 




122P 


m 


2518 


RTS 




JUfc-v.-..- 


R512 


252f? 


X4m ! !>!-; 


*VJM 




8513 


2530 


SIR 






fscHjci 


2548 


LDR 


00 


1232 


8514 




STR 




1234 


m3 


2^m 


RS!.. 


j^pRii-uv 


1236 


C. '.-J, V 


''^-'f 


ROl 




1238 




-•q':;'i'.5 


RSI. 


^P9)ji) 


i23P 


2fi4 


21^9!^ 


ROL 


:^pi>ni).i0j_ 


123C 


9^\ 


2fM 


R?L. 


iftOpiV} 


i23£ 


2614 


26:-3 


RiJL 


rfippprvi w^ 


1240 


R513 


2£22 


! Dft 


:{<piyy-.. 


1242 


mn 


2638 


fiSL 


*pr6d 


1244 


2614 


2640 


ROL 


*pP!-|f;,-.f(;if 


1246 


6613 


2650 


fiSL 


*PROb 


1248 


2614 


2666 


ROL 


:fppr.!rM.i<-[ 


12-ifi 


6513 


2670 


fiDC 


:{cp!;.nf;. 


124C 


8513 


2680 


STR 


*PROb 


12€ 


ft514 


2690 


LDR 


*p5^n^,4.f^•1 


1250 


698& 


2700 


mc 


00 


1252 


8514 


2710 


STR 


:(cppr)f:.J.C<^ 


1254 


R513 


2720 


LDR 


^^m 


12^ 


6511 


2730 


fiDC 


mn 


12.58 


8513 


2740 


STfi 


*pRro 


125ft 


Fi514 


2750 


LDfi 


*pr6(m-0i 


12^: 


e^&^ 


2760 


mc 


00 


125E 


8514 


2770 


STfi 


*PRO{>+01 


1260 


68 


2780 
279e 


RTS 




6502 Journal 






November, 1979 



1 



o 



22m 


mT 


nc 


fi:/;>-''''-' 


m3 


VhT 


D'-' 


BK'v 


2£2d 


m 


'1)5 


Citif:;:' 


2sm 


KTO 


rv:r. 

. t.* _ ' 


88S?i 


284^ 


\'Tri 


■ 1.' — ■ 


@v5f-:T 


2850 


m 




&^: 


2860 


SCOR 


. DS 


8«5S£ 


28?8 


MHftX 




0e?i7 


2880 


vfifix 


.C<S 


se&^c 


2899 


XTHP 


. DS 


98?& 


2980 


yTMp 




0CfC^-: 


2910 


BEST 




8689 


2920 


m 


.DS 


888V 


2938 


TO 


.06 


888H 


2948 


£f}C' 


.DS 


8818 


2959 


m 


.CI 8311 


2960 


VIM 


.Dl 


8822 


2979 


ppor-( 


iV 


8817 


2980 


HGRL 


.DS 


85:88 


2990 


H6RH 


. DS 


PDf^^' 


3899 


BITS 


. DS 


1888 


m.d 


BELL 


. DS^ 


FF2f> 


3828 


END 


.EH 





o 



Listing 2. 

0C^- 60 09 60 90 08 68 8i^ 0ff 
0C88- 80 89 80 80 88 88 88 89 
0C10- 00 88 00 90 08 88 80 90 
0C18- 80 88 89 80 86 88 SQ 89 
0C20- 60 08 08 90 1^ 88 89 00 
0C28- 80 88 80 80 88 88 88 89 
0C30- 00 08 09 00 80 88 80 00 
0C38- 80 88 80 80 88 88 .88 Bd 
0C48- 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 
0C48- fi8 fl8 m m fig RS hS 08 
0C50- 28 28 28 28 28 28 2S 28 

0CS8- R8 fis fis m Rs Rs m m 

QCm- 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 

0C68- R8 m fi8 m m m m m 

0C70- 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 

0C78- R8 m fl8 m m m m m 

0C88- 50 56 50 50 58 58 58 59 

0C88- D0 D8 D0 D0 DS D8 D9 Du 

0C90- 58 50 50 50 5€ 58 .58 .59 

0C98- D0 06 D0 m m D8 D8 D0 

dCm- 50 58 59 50 5f5 f^M 50 50 

eCfS- D8 D8 D0 D0 D6 D8 D9 D0 

0CB8- 58 58 50 50 58 58 58 59 

0C^- 06 D6 D9 OB VB D8 iM 08 



0D08- 28 24 28 2C 38 34 38 3C 

0D08- 20 24 28 2C 38 34 38 3C 

0D10- 21 25 29 2D 31 35 39 3D 

0Di8- 21 25 29 2D 31 35 39 3D 

3- 22 2b 2h 2h 32 36 3ft 3E 

S- 22 26 2H 2E 32 36 3R 3E 

0I>30- 23 2? 2e 2F 33 37 3B 3r 




^•i^j'„- j--k li,*-- I.W r..*- %rfj, 'mf\f w-f w*.' 

Mfiiss... 90 -''f. ■?& "'F "<■■'•' ~'*' ~'w "^F' 

0iW;~ '>'■ '.-'f. "?0 ■:>r "r? ■??•■: 70 if 

gna:*.. •;:=? 97 •?(:• -I^F "^? >7 "^b* ~'f 

qapj?.. •-.? v7 s'g or- 7? ?7 i;i:; ?r 



1908- 88 81 01 92 81 82 82 93 

1808- 01 92 02 03 82 83 ^ 94 

1010-- 61 82 02 03 82 83 83 04 

1018- 82 83 03 04 83 64 84 85 

1620" 91 82 92 03 82 83 83 84 

1028- 82 83 03 04 83 8^ 84 05 

1636- 62 03 03 84 83 84 84 85 

10.38- 63 04 04 05 d^ 85 85 86 

1040-- Bi 82 02 93 22 83 83 94 

16^8- 02 83 93 94 63 84 84 95 

1058- 82 83 03 94 83 84 84 95 

18^- 63 94 04 95 Bi 65 85 96 

1960- 62 83 83 d4 83 64 94 95 

1068- 03 84 m 05 84 85 85 86 

1079- 93 64 04 95 84 65 85 96 

1Q7S- 04 65 03 06 95 86 86 97 

Listing 3. 

8 R^ MRITTEH EV: BOB BISI-fnp 
10 C'ln m(A&) 
26 fiNRL=ll*256: SVH=ftNflL+128: Pprs^r 

4036+2*256+8*16 
36 FLfiG=0:XFLfl0=€ 
100 CfiLL -3Z€: m£ -16300.. 8: PHfcr 

-16383.. 
110 TfS 17: PRINq- "H E N U" 
120 Tf^ 17: PRII-rr " ": pRlf-iT 

130 PRIKT : PRINT " I - LOfiD PICTU 

RE FROf? DISK" 
140 PRINT : PRINT " fl - fffffLVZE PI 

CTURE INTO PIXELS" 
150 PRINT : PRINT " S - SVNTKESI3E 

PICTURE FROM PIXELS" 
166 PRINT : F-RINT " 1 - DISFlftV OR 

IGINRL PICTURE" 
176 PRINT : PRINT " 2 - DISR.HV SV 

NTfESlZEC' PICTURE" 



18!3 

m 

195 

266 
216 
22f^ 
230 
393 
316 

32t3 

33J3 

346 

393 

360 

3?6 

406 

1006 
1005 

1016 
1015 



PRINT : PRINT " D ~ ISSUE DISK 

PRINT : PRINT " X - SAVE COMPR 
ESS£D PIfiTURE TO mSK" 
VTRB 20: PRm "SELECTICN: " 

REH REBD KeVPOftRD 

Cm<^ PEX (-16394) 

IF CHftR<128 THEM 216 

POKE •-16384-Me. 6 

ID=g ' 

IF CHHP-=-- fiSCC'L") THEM 10=^1 

IFCHft!^-|fi?C<"fi") THEN 10^2 
If r%\f^\fiSr:(«y>) THEM l\j~'^. 

At vi ti ;i '. I : »-."—■ •- -e. .* • t ««i '■ A;.- : 

rp- ruc'C'r-acfi"-:.'"', n-ipi Tr.-r'=^, 



i. I '^t ii a : 






2035 
2046 

2050 

3000 



IF ID:=^8 Then lea 

GOTO 160g*Jf) 

VTRB 20: TfiB 12: CliLL. -958: 

PRINT "liOftD PlCTiiftE" 
POKE -16300. 6: PCiirF -16383. 



WTPR ■>■*•■ TMi-f:T "CJii." Wt:<?/if.'- " 

fi$ 

IF H$-^"" THEN im 
VTfte 22: PRINT "BLOflD ";ii$; 
". fi$260a Dl" 
GOTO 100 

VTRB 28: !T«B 12: CftU. -958: 
PRINT "HNfilYZ? PIf"^TtfpE" 
POKE ~±6m.- 6: POKE -16363. 



VTfffi 22: INPUT "nm ERRCfiS:/PIKEL 

PaCE 16, IflXERfl- CfiLL BBL 
afl6=l;m.RG=e:NU?©ER^40=^ Pt£K 
<8)+ P£B^ <?)+l 

PRINT "THERE FKE " 
;MWSER;i PIXELS HITH Hfi:>^ ERROR 

POKE -16384+16. 6 

IF PEEK ^16384X128 THEN 2646 



GOTO 100 
VTfiB 28: 



1056 
208f3 

^35 

2010 

2020 
2025 

2030 VTRB 22: 



TfiB 12: PRINT "SVmHES! 
2E PlCTfJlE" 
3005 POf:! -16300. 0: POKE -16303. 
0: VTfie 22: CflL -958 



3010 
3820 
3030 

3040 
3850 
3055. 
3060 
3070 

3880 

3085 



4000 



4050 



6830 
6065 



6015 



66 
7006 



7^30^= 



?0i5 



7020 
7025 



7030 



7040 
7045 

7050 
7060 

7265 
7070 
7086 



FOR K=l TO 5^; NDff K 

IF FLAG THEN 3050 

VTfiB 22: PRINT "THERE ARE MO PIX 

ELSC€FINED VHf" 

GOTO 3268 

CALL SVN 

:>aFiG=i 

POKE -16384+16. 6 

IF PEEK (-16384 )a2S imi 3670 

IF PEEK (-16584)= FSCC'l") THEN 

210 

IF PEEK (-16384)= RSC("2") THEN 

216 

GOTO 108 

POKE -16304.0: POKE -16382. 

0: POKE -16300. 0: POKE -1629? 

.0 

GOTO 2dQ 

POKE -16304. 0: POKE -16362. 

0: POKE -16299.0: POKE -1629? 

.0 

GOTO 208 

VTHS 28: TRB 12: ChLL -958: 

PRINT "DISK cmmio" 

POKE -16386.0: POKE -16363. 



VTRB 22: INPUT ":«.fl$ 

IF m^--"" THEN 106 

Vrm 22: TfiP 2: PRINT "»;F!$ 

PRINT : miNT : PRINT 
GOTO 6618 

POKE -16306.6: POKE -16363. 



IF XFLRG THEN 7625 

VTRB 22: PpY«T "tjo PICTURE HhS B 

EQl SyNTHESI3£{5 VETf" 

GOTO 7040 

IF"NUH8ER<=:25e THEN 7066 

VITiS 22: PRINT "T!£Rh f^E TOO m 

W (";N«0;") PIXELS" 

POIS: -16384+16.6 

IF P£KK (-16384X128 THEN 7645 



GURJ 1 

\nm 22: INPUT "FILE NfiHK: " 

.f» 

IFR$=:"« THEN 166 

CfiLL PRESS 

VTRB 22: PRI^ff "BShVE «;fiS; 

". fl$8008. L"; 968+2+8*NUH9ER; 

"j D2- 



7096 GOTO 100 



Software for the Hpple II ilif^: 



C d i 











X 




1 








' 














si 


























■ 






S 


















SC0RE=ie8 



SCORE: 105 



DYNAMAZE— a dazzling new real-time game. You 
move in a rectangular game grid, drawing or erasing 
walls to reflect balls into your goal (or to deflect 
them from your opponent's goal). Every ball in 
your goal is worth 100 points, but you lose a point 
for each unit of elapsed time and another point for 
each time unit you are moving. Control the speed 
with a game paddle: play as fast as ice hockey or 
as slowly and carefully as chess. Back up and re- 
play any time you want to; it's a reversible game. 
By Don Stone. Integer Basic (plus machine lan- 
guage); 32 K;$9.95. 



ULTRA BLOCKADE- the standard against which 
other versions have to be compared. Enjoy Block- 
ade's superb combination of fast action (don't be 
the one who crashes) and strategy (the key is 
accessible open space— maximize yours while min- 
imizing your opponent's). Play against another 
person or the computer. New high resolution 
graphics lets you see how you filled in an area— or 
use reversibility to review a game in slow motion 
(or at top speed, if that's your style). This is a 
game that you won't soon get bored with! By 
Don Stone. Integer Basic (plus machine language); 
32 K; $9.95. 



What is a REVERSIBLE GAME? You can stop the play at any point, back up and then do an "instant 
replay", analyzing your strategy. Or back up and resume the game at an earlier point, trying out a different 
strategy. Reversibility makes learning a challenging new game more fun. And helps you become a skilled 
player sooner. 



WORLD OF ODYSSEY— a new adventure game utilizing the full power of Disk II, which enables the player 
to explore 353 rooms on 6 different levels full of dragons, dwarfs, ores, goblins, gold and jewels. Applesoft II 
48K; $19.95 includes diskette. 

PERQUACKEY— an exciting vocabulary game which pits the player against the clock. The object of the 
game is to form words from a group of 10 letters which the computer chooses at random. The words must 
be 3 to 10 characters in length with no more than 5 words of any particular length. Each player has only 
3 minutes per turn. The larger the words the higher the score. Applesoft II 16K; $9.95. 

APPLESHIP— is a naval game in which two players enter their ships in respective oceans. Players take turns 
trying to blast their opponent's ships out of the water. The first player to destroy their opponent's ships 
may win the game. A great low-res graphics game. Applesoft II 32K; $14.95. 



Available at your 
local computer store 

Ca// or write for our free 
SOFTWARE CATALOG 

Apple II is a registered 

trademark of 
Apple Computer, Inc. 



DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED 



FOUVERSOFT^ INC. 

p. O. BOX 157 

PITMAN, NEW JERSEY 08071 

(609) 589-5500 



Programs Available on Diskette 
at $5.00 Additional 

• Check or Money Order 

• Include $1.00 for 
shipping and handling 

• C.O.D. ($1.00 add'tl. charge) 

• IVIaster Charge and VISA 
orders accepted 

• New Jersey residents add 
5% sales tax 



^aaaQ &^^^ 



tm 



FOR AIM/SYM/KIM 




■ • '~ 



UPPER/lower case ASCII 

128 Additional User Programmable 

Characters: GRAPHICS- 

SYMBOLS-FOREIGN CHARACTERS 

Programmable Screen Format up to 
80 CHARACTERS - 24 LINES 

KEYBOARD and LIGHT PEN Interfaces 
Up to 4K DISPLAY RAIVI 
Provision for 2KEPR0M 
Provision to add 6502 for 

STAND-ALONE SYSTEM 

ASSEMBLED AND TESTED 

WITH 2K DISPLAY RAM 

VIDEO PLUS: $24500 



ITS EASY TO ADD VIDEO PLUSTM TO YOUR SYSTEM. 
VIDEO PLUS is the most powerful expansion board ever offered for 6502 based systems. It has many im- 
portant video featur^es ncluding: 

Programmable D^play Format - up to 100 characters by 30 lines on a 'jood monitot. 

A ROM Character Generator vvith UPPER and lower case ASCII characters. 

A Programmable, Character Generator for up lo 128 user defined characters which may bo changed 

under program control. You can define graphics, music symbols, chess pieces, foreign characters, 

gray scale - and change them at will! 

May be used with an inexpensive TV set or a quality monitor. 

Up to 4K of Display RAM, with Hardware scrolling, programmable cursor, and more. 
In addition to the video features. VIDEO PLUS also has: 

A Keyboard Interface which will worl< with any ■■reasonable" keyboard. 

A built-in Light Pen Interface. 

Provision for a 2K EPROM or ROM for video control or othei software. 

All of the memory - 6K RAM and 2K EPROM can be used as system memory whenever it is not in use as 

display or programmable character generator. 

VIDEO PLUS may be used directly as an expansion of an AIM/SYM/KIM system, or has provisio-^ for the 

addition of a 6502 for use as a Stand- Alone system or Terminal. 

Only requires +5V and has on board voltage regulators. Since it's the same size/shape as tho KIM or 

SYM it may easily be placed under an AIM/SYM.KIM system. It uses the KIM-4 cxpanbion format. 
Fully assembled, tested and burned in. Connect directly to your system or via the MOTHER PLUS board. 

NOW AVAILABLE: AIM software for glass teletype mode. VIDEO PLUS at $245 includes your choice of 
video subroutines or tne AIM version glass teletype mode. Either tape is available separately for $10. 
Specify your choice when ordering. ^^^^^ 

iTHelJ _^_ 



(goo^pyiriK^QST 



Prices listed above do not 
include shipping and handling. 



P.O. Box 3 

So. Chelmsford. MA 01824 




617-256-3649 



Assembly Language 
Applesoft Renumber 



Alan D. Fleeter 

4333 N. 71 Street 

Milwaukee, Wl 53216 



While there have been a number of programs published 
for renumbering APPLE BASIC, most have been written 
in BASIC and have therefore been slow. Here is a ver- 
sion written entirely in assembly language - very fast 
and very easy to use. 



Chuck Carpenter gave a program in 
the May, 1979 issue of MICRO for 
renumbering Applesoft programs. 
Although this is probably adequate for 
most needs, there were still several 
drawbacks. Among these are the follow- 
ing: 

1. User must make changes in BASIC 
Instructions when the new line 
number has more digits than the 
original line number. 

2 . it Is written in BASIC, so therefore, 

slower than a 6502 assembly 
language program. 

3 . The program will take up the same 

amount of memory, rather than 
reducing Its size when It is possi- 
ble. 

4 . User cannot specify only a portion 

of the program to be renumbered. 

5 .The program did not work for all 

types of IF-THEN statements. 



Being a software person, I found it dif- 
ficult to turn down the challenge to 
answer these deficiencies. The results 
of my efforts are contained in the follow- 
ing assembly language program. 

To load the program, type in the hex 
numbers in the disassembled listing. 
This is written for ar32K or larger APPLE 
system, if you have a smaller system, 
you can go through the effort of 
relocating the program by hand. If you 
do relocate, be aware that the symbol 
table is stored at 7000 and continues as 
needed, using two bytes per line 
number. (A cassette version is available 
for $5 for any size system by contacting 
me. Make sure you state the amount of 
memory that you have. I will also give 
you a copy of this program at any other 
special memory location if you have a 
need for this.) Record from 6C00 to 
6F9C. 

To execute the renumberer, load your 
Applesoft program, Hit reset and load 
the binary executable renumber pro- 



gram. Type: 6C00G. You will now see a 
flashing cursor. Enter the line number In 
the Applesoft program where the 
renumbering will begin. Then enter the 
next statement number you do not want 
renumbered. Finally, enter the new line 
number to start with, followed by the in- 
crement between line numbers. 

When the program is finished, (nor- 
mally under 30 seconds,) type: OG, and 
your program is renumbered. You can 
now record it, or continue developing it 
as normal. 

An example of executing the program 
is as follows: 

52 (Start at line number 52...) 
512 (And stopping before line 

512...) 
60 (Renumber, start with line 60) 
10 (And go in increments of 10) 
OG (And carry on!) 



November, 1979 



MICRO ~ The 6502 Journal 



18:27 



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oCAD- 


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EPROM PROGRAMMER | 


oCBO- 


UO Oj 


bl-ib 


SoCBb 


0Ub2- 


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0/ 




bi-ih 


SoLbb 




Model EP-2A-79 




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50Fh9 


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90 9b 


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Fd 


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CMP 


Sohro 








oCUD- 


od 


fla 




oUdb- 


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blMh 


S6U4C 


SOFTWARE AVAILABLE FOR F-S, 3080, 6800, | 


oCDE- 


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FLa 




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AU 


F3 


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SOhh J 


9085, Z-80, 6502, KIM-1, 1802, 2650. 
EPROM (ype is selected by a personality 
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module 
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oOUF- 

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oUdA- 
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CD 
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oUdF- 


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PLA 




watts 


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oCtb- 


db FU 


oTA 


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OU90- 


Ad 






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for connecting to microcomputer. Requires T'l | 


oct/- 


AO OO 


LUY 


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softw 


are Personality modules are showr 


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PM-0 


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1 AX 




0099- 


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40 




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PM-1 


2704, 2708 


15.00 


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6U9B- 


Cd 






IinY 




PM-2 


2732 


30.00 


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h2 




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SoD9 1 


PM-4 
PM-5 


TMS 2532 

TMS 2516,2716,2758 


30.00 
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0CF2- 


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20 


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PLA 
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Blue 


Wood127,Earlysville,VA 22936 | 


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cv 


20 




CMP 


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BHiv 





Performing Math Functions 
in iVIachine Language 



If you are afraid to try doing mathematical functions in 
assembly language, then this article may help you get 
started. 



Alfred J. Bruey 

201 S. Grinnell Street 

Jackson, Ml 49203 



Since addition, subtraction and stiif- 
ting are ttie only arithmetic functions 
available in machine language for most 
small computers, it becomes necessary 
to find methods to perform other 
mathematical operations using addi- 
tion, subtraction, and shifts In combina- 
tion with other commands available on 
the programmer's microprocessor. 

Multiplication Is an example of an 
operation that is commonly performed 
in this v\^ay. Let's look at a particular ex- 
ample. Suppose f/e v\^ant to multiply 187 
by 345. It Is obvious that f/e can clear a 
register and add 187 a total of 345 times 
to arrive at the ansv\^er, but we soon 
discover that it is more efficient to per- 
form the same function by combining 
additions with shifts. 

Using the shift command, we would 
add 3 187s, then shift left, then add 4 
187s, the shift left, then add 5 187s to ar- 
rive at the final product. Thus, we have 
replaced 345 additions with 12 additions 
and 2 shifts. In the same way, repeated 
subtractions may be combined with 
shifts to implement a division algorithm. 

Division and multiplication algorithms 
are often described In the programming 
manuals that come with a computer. A 
programmer soon needs other mathe- 
matical functions and must find a way to 
perform them with a limited instruction 
set and limited computer memory. If the 



functions become too complicated, one 
must add memory or go to a higher level 
language, such as BASIC. 

The purpose of this article is to 
demonstrate the power of the lovi/ly addi- 
tion and subtraction commands by 
developing an algorithm for extracting 
the square root of a number. The al- 
gorithm Is described and a flow chart Is 
presented along with a 6502 lisiting for 
the KIM-1. 

The square root algorithm to be 
presented here is based on the equation: 
n 

^ (2k-1) = n^ ; n an integer greater than 
K = 1 

which says, in English, that the sum of 
the first n odd Integers is equal to the 
square of n. For example: 

1-1-3-1-5-1-7-1-9 = 25 = 5^ 

That is, the sum of the first 5 odd in- 
tegers is equal to 52, or 25. This equation 
is easily proven true for all positive In- 
tegers by mathematical induction. 

The method implemented heie Is to 
subtract first 1 , then 3, then 5, and so on, 
from the number whose square root is 
desired. The number of subtractions, 
less 1,that it takes to reduce the original 
number to a nonzero negative number is 
the square root. For example. If X = 25: 

25-1 =24; 24-3 = 21; 21-5 = 13 
16-7 = 9; 9-9 = 0; 0-11 =11 



Since it took 6 subtractions to reduce 
25 to a number less than 0, the answer is 
6-1=5. Notice that this method 
gives only the Integer part of the answer, 
so if X had been any value from 25 to 35, 
you would have arrived at the same 
answer. Remember— when you take the 
square root of a number, your answer 
has only about half as many significant 
digits as the number. 

The original value (NUM) is placed In 
the accumulator. The answer will be in 
the Y register and also displayed on the 
KIM'S seven segment LEDs (POINTH). 
Notice that the algorithm as described 
below will not handle very large 
numbers. To use this for practical pro- 
blems. It will have to be extended to 
multiple precision. 

The coding to implement the routine is 
given below. While the addresses are 
given for the KIM-1, a few address 
changes should make it possible to im- 
plement this routine on any other 6502 
based system. The number you want the 
square root of goes In location 0001, 
then set the address to 0000 and GO. 
The answer will be displayed In POINTH, 
the left two LEDs of the KIM display. The 
code given is probably not optimum — I 
am a relative newcomer to machine 
language coding. If you come with an im- 
proved version of this routine, I'd ap- 
preciate receiving a copy of it. The exam- 
ple shown is set to take the square root 
of $10. 



18:30 



MICRO — The 6502 Journal 



November, 1979 



START 




STORE 1 
MEM 



STORE IN 
Y REGISTER 



^ 



SUBTRACT MEM 
FROM ACCUM 



YES 




MOVE Y TO 
POINT H 



ADD 1 TO 
Y REGISTER 



^ 



ADD 2 TO 
MEM 



Flowchart 



COOC: 








cnio: 








G02G: 








GC:0: 








GG-^iC: 








0050: 


000 G 






GC6G: 








G07C: 


0000 






CCiC: 


COCO 






GOSC: 


OGOC 






1 DC : 








G'lC: 


OOCC 


A 9 


10 


G120: 


C0C2 


AC 


01 


0130: 


one 4 


re 


lA 


ri4C: 




AG 


CO 


CISC: 








0160; 


GO Of 






CI 70: 


000 a 


E5 


lA 


CIFC: 


CCOb 


30 


nC: 


Ci9C: 


GOOD 


C? 




C2GG: 


OCOE 


EG 


lA 


0210: 


001 


E6 


lA 


C220: 


0012 


4C 


00 CO 


0230: 








0240: 


0015 


84 


FB 


G25C: 


001 7 


4C 


4F IC 


0260: 








1D= 









;COAKE RGGT SGLTINE 



aFRED J. BEUEY 



:eg 



fOOCG 



NIEM 


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$COFB 


START 


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EEGIK 


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LEYTM 


?G] 






riu: 




T.DYTM 


f pn 


LGCP 


SEC 






OBC 


KEN 




El-: I 


CTGF 




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Best of Contact 78 2.50 

programming in PASCAL (Crogono) 9.90 



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Prototvping/ HObbv Card 
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Communications card a 0B3S 

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(48K RAM I Disk II ReQulredi 
Applesoft 11 Firmware card 
16 input Analog Card 



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Disk II— Drive a controller (32K Uln 

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vinyl Carrying Case 
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Programmers Aid NO- 1 Firmware (For 

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Auto— start ROM Package (For 

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Dtglkltlzer Pad hy Taios 

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High Resolution Light Pen 199.00 

Micromodem (I3.C. Hayesi 379.00 

12" B/w LeeDe:i Monitor 149 00 

Cable from Monitor to Apple ll 9.95 
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Patent Applied For 



TSAR: A Time Sharing Administrative 
Routine for the KIIVI-I 



if you thinl( the KliVI-1 is too smaii to do interesting jobs, 
then consider this program. TSAR is a super monitor 
which supports time-sharing, opening the door to a wide 
variety of new capabiiities. The techniques can easily 
be translated for use on other computers. 



Philip K. Hooper 
3 Washington Street 
Northfleld, VT 05663 



J 



The program presented here takes 
over supervisory control of the KIM-1, 
demoting the KiM monitor to the role of 
"just another program" sharing execu- 
tion time with a list of user programs. 
The monitor, with Its display and 
keypad, remains available while user 
programs are running, permitting true 
"front panel" operation; examination 
and even alteration of memory during 
program execution. There is provision 
for inserting breakpoints into a program 
while it is running, as well as a TSAR- 
compatible breakpoint servicing routine. 
Although the system as presented is 
configured for six programs, in addition 
to the monitor and TSAR itself, it is easi- 
ly expanded to provide supervision for 
as many user programs as memory and 
stack requirements permit. 

Introduction 

Not long ago, if anyone had sug- 
gested to me that I should write a time- 
sharing system for my KIM-I, I would 
have objected on two counts: first, that 
it would be pointless with such a small, 
single-user system; second, that it 
would be far too complicated to design, 
implement, and operate. I would have 
been wrong on both counts. 

I had been working on a design 
problem — the problem of providing a 
perfectly transparent operating environ- 
ment for my TVT-6 video board. This in- 
expensive and very versatile board 
draws its timing signals directly from 
the address bus of the MPU and can not 
function normally without the full, undi- 
vided attention of KIM, making its use 
along with another program rather awk- 
ward to orchestrate. 

When I had finally tamed the micro- 
seconds and sync pulses and had my 
transparent display operational, I loaded 
my LIFE program and settled back, 
regarding the result with satisfaction 
and noting how cooperative it all seem- 
ed, with the display driver and LIFE pro- 
gram sharing the time of the MPU. And 
then it hit mel This was already a 



timesharing system. Moreover, leaving 
out the TVT-6 would let me streamline 
the system and also extend it to the 
supervision of many "simultaneous" 
programs. 

Before explaining the operation of the 
system, let me note resources the 
system requires as well as some of the 
features it offers. Its needs are few: an 
unexpanded KIM-1 provides sufficient 
memory for overseeing the operation of 
thirty-some programs; the supervisory 
routine, TSAR, resides in forty-four bytes 
of page twenty-three; a special, and op- 
tional, breakpoint routine occupies 
another fifteen bytes on thai: page; fif- 
teen page zero locations are required for 
storing system variables under a six- 
user-program configuration (with two 
additional bytes needed for each pro- 
gram over six); and page one is 
distributed as stack space for the 
various programs. 

The only hardware expansion needed 
is a wire, or possibly a switch, allowing 
the interval timer to send an interrupt to 
the MPU. (See Figure 1.) A speaker, con- 
nected as in the Kim User Manual, can 
provide dramatic examples of the sys- 
tem's use, but is certainly not essential 
to its operation. 

The most useful aspect of the system 
is, in my opinion, provision for a full hex 
front panel. Under the KIM monitor, the 
keypad and display are used almost ex- 
clusively to enter and Initiate programs. 
Though individual programs may use 
them for special purposes, they general- 
ly remain idle during program execution. 
Under TSAR, however, the monitor is 
timeshared and becomes a monitor in 
the full sense of the word, remaining ac- 
tive while other programs are executing. 
This permits the on-line examination 
(and even alteration) of any memory 
location, so that one can, for instance: 
watch a counter as it approaches zero, 
alter the value of a byte of data to deter- 
mine its effect on the program, or even 
change an instruction opcode, all while 
the program is running! Essentially it 



brings full interaction to KIM-1, letting 
the user and running programs interact 
through the services of the monitor. 

The cost of this continuous monitor- 
ing is time— the user programs run more 
slowly when timeshared— but there are 
occasions, as during certain program 
development stages, where this can be 
an advantage. By using this system with 
five dummy programs having large time 
slices, we produce an interactive slow- 
stepper. By letting the programs modify 
each other's time slices (an unnatural 
activity recommended only for produc- 
ing unpredictable results) we can create 
an enormous variety of unusual timing 
patterns. 

The Timesharing Procedure 

The 6502 provides ready access to and 
manipulation of the stack pointer, and 
this in turn permits the realization of a 
fairly simple timesharing procedure. The 
programs to be run are placed in a queue 
and are activated and recalled by TSAR 
as it cycles through the queue. So TSAR 
can keep adequate track of these pro- 
grams, each has its own stack area, 
stack pointer, and time slice determin- 
ing how long the program will be active 
when its turn comes. The user selects 
the stack areas from page one, while the 
corresponding stack pointers and the 
time slices are kept in two page zero 
lists, STAX and TIMES respectively. The 
index number (position in the queue) of 
the program currently executing is 
stored in location INDEX. Figure 2 il- 
lustrates this procedure. 

Assume that one of these programs, 
say P2, is running. Under TSAR, the in- 
terval timer will also be running, and 
armed, loaded initially with the time 
slice for P2 from TIMES -i- 2. At "time 
out," TSAR will be re-entered at location 
1780, via the NMI vector, and after 
disabling further interrupts TSAR will 
save registers A, X, and Y on the stack 
reserved for P2. P and PC have already 
been saved there, as part of the interrupt 
response of the 6502. TSAR will then 



November, 1979 



■MICRO — The 6502 Journal 



18:35 



PB7 



IRQ 



d 



mi 



A-15 



K I M 



E-6 E-H 



h 



Figure 1: Enabling the timer interrupts. A SPDT switch connecting 
PB7 to either NMI or IRQ permits the fullest realization of TSAR's 
capability. The switch setting should not be changed without first 
setting both interrupt vectors to point to the monitor. 



replace the stack pointer value for P2 in 
STAX + 2, the second position of the 
ST AX list. This procedure is illustrated in 
Figure 3. 

Disabling further interrupts at this 
time has no effect on the minimal con- 
figuration but is adviseable if there are 
other devices that could pull IRQ low 
connected to the system, to inhibit inter- 
rupts from them during operation of the 
supervisory routine. 

Program 2 now remains idle until IN- 
DEX again assumes the value of 2. 
Before that occurs, TSAR will have look- 
ed at six other INDEX values; activated 



and later recalled those programs cur- 
rently enabled — those with non-zero 
time slices; kept the monitor enabled; 
and maintained STAX as needed. At any 
rate, when INDEX = 2 does recur, the 
time slice for P2 will be brought in from 
TIMES -I- 2 and examined by TSAR. If this 
is zero, P2 is disabled and will be passed 
by. Otherwise, this time slice will be writ- 
ten to the timer, to initiate another time 
period during which P2 may execute. 

Next, the stack pointer specific to P2 
will be brought back from STAX -i- 2 and 
used to access P2's private stack, from 
which the saved values of the Y, X, and A 
registers will be pulled. Finally, an RTI 







* TSAR 


: BY PHILIP 






* MODIFIED 7 
4 


-19-79 


17BC 




COUNT 




$0000 


17BC 




X 




$0300 


17BC 




INDEX 




$00E0 


17BC 




TIMES 




$00E1 


17BC 




STAX 




$00E3 


17BC 




POINTL 




$OOFA 


17BC 




TIMER 




$170E 


17BC 




DELAY 




$1ED1 


I7BC 




INCPT 




$1F63 


1780 






ORG 


$1780 


1780 78 




ENTER 


SEI 




1781 H8 






PHA 




1782 8A 






TXA 




1783 18 






PHA 




17814 98 






TYA 




1785 18 






PHA 




1786 BA 






TSX 




1787 A1 


EG 




LDY 


INDEX 


1785 96 


E8 




STXZY 


STAX 


178B A5 


El 




LDA 


TIMES 


178D DO 


02 




BNE 


INDEC 


178F C6 


El 




DEC 


TIMES 


1791 C6 


EO 


INDEC 


DEC 


INDEX 


1793 10 


01 




BPL 


TINDX 


1795 AO 


06 




LDYIM 


$06 


1797 81 


EO 




STY 


INDEX 


1799 A6 


EO 


TINDX 


LDX 


INDEX 


179B B5 


El 




LDAX 


TIMES 


179D FO 


F2 




BEQ 


INDEC 


179F 8D 


OE 1" 




STA 


TIMER 


17A2 B5 


E6 




LDAX 


STAX 


HAM AA 






TAX 




17A5 9A 






TXS 




17A6 68 






PLA 




17A7 a8 






TAY 




17A8 68 






PLA 




17A9 AA 






TAX 




17AA 68 






PLA 




17AB 40 




LEAVE 


RTI 





K. HOOPER 
19-79 BY MICRO STAFF 



PLEASE DO NOT DISTURB 

PLACE 

ALL 

REGISTERS 

ON THE 

STACK 

GET CURRENT STACK POINTER FROM MPU 

NOW, WHICH PROGRAM IS RECALLED? 

STASH STACK POINTER FOR INTERRUPTED PROGRAM 

EXAMINE TIMING CONSTANT OF MONITOR 

IF ZERO, MONITOR DISABLED - MUST RESTORE 

RESET MONITOR TIME SLICE 

DECREMENT INDEX TO NEXT PROGRAM 

POSITIVE DENOTES VALID INDEX 

OTHERWISE, RESET INDEX TO POINT TO THE 

GREATEST PROGRAM QUEUE INDEX 

TENTATIVE INDEX OF NEXT PROGRAM 

FETCH PROGRAM TIME SLICE 

IF ZERO, PROGRAM DISABLED - PICK ANOTHER 

DEPOSIT TIMING INTERVAL IN COUNTER - ENABLE INT 

FETCH STACK POINTER FOR REACTIVATED PROGRAM 

PUT STACK POINTER IN X REGISTER 

AND DEPOSIT STACK POINTER INTO MPU 

BRING 

IN 

REGISTERS 

OFF 

STACK 

RETURN TO THE PROGRAM 



will draw the status register and pro- 
gram counter from this same stack, and 
P2 will be off and running again, from 
the very place at which it was inter- 
rupted. If no other program interferes 
with its storage areas, P2 will function 
as though it were the only program in the 
KIM, although a bit more slowly. 

In a small system like this, without 
software-initiated memory protect or 
disk-based page swapping, any unwant- 
ed interaction between programs must 
be prevented by the programmer. This is 
managed through carefully planned 
memory allocation and through the use 
of stack storage to make any shared 
routines fully reentrant— using different 
storage areas (stacks) depending on 
which program is using the routine. 
Therefore, whenever the monitor is in- 
cluded as an enabled program, the 
monitor subroutines which use RAM 
temporary storage and those which 
serve the monitor's keypad and display 
routines should not be called by a user 
program. The results would be unpre- 
dictable and would probably prevent in- 
teractive use of the monitor. 

This sequence of execution, interrup- 
tion, dormancy, reactivation is followed 
by all programs on the queue, including 
the monitor. Depending on its time slice, 
each enabled program receives from 64 
to 16320 microseconds of execution 
time, minus TSAR's overhead, when its 
turn arrives, while those disabled by a 
null time slice are simply passed over. 
With six programs enabled in addition to 
the monitor, TSAR exacts roughly 80 
microseconds to process each interrupt, 
and each disabled program increases 
this by about 20 microseconds to a max- 
imum of 200 with the monitor alone 
enabled. The more work the system has 
to do, the more efficient it becomes! Of 
the above times, 30 microseconds is 
taken from the time slice of the program 
being reactivated, so that a time slice of 
01, representing a single sixty-four 
microsecond portion, will actually pro- 
vide thirty-four microseconds of execu- 
tion time for the program, each time 
around. 

A time slice range of from 1024 to 
261,120 microseconds can be installed 
by replacing the value of the byte at 
17A0 with "OF", which starts the timer's 
counter in the divide-by-1024 mode in- 
stead of the divide-by-64 mode. Although 
this reduces the relative time penalty 
charged by TSAR, it also degrades the 
response of the monitor somewhat. 

Oddly enough, this is an example of 
one of the peculiar charms of the TSAR 
system. Some of the aggrevations that 
TSAR introduces — monitor response an- 
noyingly slow at times, startup routine 
hard to remember, recovery from a crash 
a major undertaking — all of these pro- 
vide the peculiar sensation that one is 
working on some sort of monster sys- 
tem and not just a KIM-1 with IK of 
memory and a 50-odd byte timesharing 
supervisor. 



18:36 



MICRO — The 6502 Journal 



November, 1979 



The code for this procedure is 
presented in the listing. Note that the 
sections of code for the normal (inter- 
rupt to 1C00) entry and normal ("GO" 
-1DC8) exit for the ROM monitor are 
closely related to the entry and exit code 
for TSAR. Both involve storing, and later 
retrieving, the contents of the PCH, PCL, 
P, A, Y, X, and SP registers, which to- 
gether completely specify the internal 
state of the MPU. However, while the 
monitor stores these values in fixed, 
page zero locations, TSAR places them 
in a user stack reserved for the par- 
ticular program which has just been 
recalled. 

Using the monitor as the operating 
system, the user can alter these zero 
page locations holding register values, 
malting It possible to exit from the 
monitor to a different program, with a 
different set of operating parameters, 
than the program that was running 
before. TSAR does this automatically, 
by pulling the register values from a dif- 
ferent stack, the one corresponding to 
the program about to be activated, 
rather than from the stack for the pro- 
gram which was just recalled. 



INDEX 



INDEX 
VALUES 



TIMES 




STAX 

PAHAMETERS 
FOR: 

INDEX (QOEO) 

TIMES OOEl) 

STAX (0OE8) 



30 


01 


02 


03 


04 


05 


06 


OOEl 


00E2 


00E3 


0OE4 


Q0E5 


00E6 


OQE? 


0OE8 


00E9 


OOEA 


OOEB 


OOEC 


OOED 


OOEE 



LIST OF 
TI.XE SLICES 



LIST OF 

STACK POINTERS 



MON- 
ITOR 



PROG 
1 



PROG 
2 



PROG 
3 



PROG 
4 



PROG 
5 



PROG 
6 



holds the number assigned to the program currently active 
and is used as an offset to retrieve information from... 



02EA 4C EG 02 



» SAMPLE PROGRAMS FOR EXERCISING TSAR » 

» 1ST SAMPLE PROGRAM MERELY COUNTS, IN HEX, THE NUMBER 
» OF TIMES IT IS ACTIVATED, STORING THE COUNT IN $0000, 
» HHICH SHOULD BE PRESET MANUALLY TO ZERO 



CLEAR ACCUMULATOR AND USE IT TO 

ZERO OUT THE MONITOR TIME SLICE 

FETCH THE MONITOR TIME SLICE, AND REMAIN IN 

THIS LOOP AS LONG AS IT IS ZERO 

RECORD THE CHANGE, WHICH INDICATES 

COMPLETION OF ANOTHER 

CYCLE THROUGH THE QUEUE, AND REPEAT 



02E0 




ORG 


$02E0 


02E0 A9 00 


START 


LDAIM 


$00 


02E2 85 El 




STA 


TIMES 


02E4 A5 El 


LOOP 


LDA 


TIMES 


02E6 FO FC 




BEQ 


LOOP 


02E8 E6 00 




INC 


COUNT 



JMP START 



NOTE: USING THE MONITOR TIME SLICE AS A FLAG TO 
INDICATE TO A PROGRAM WHEN IT HAS BEEN RECALLED 
AND THEN REACTIVATED IS A USEFUL TRICK, BUT 
AT A TIME 

2ND SAMPLE PROGRAM ALSO COUNTS CYCLES, BUT IT 
DOES SO IN BCD, KEEPING THE LEAST SIGNIFICANT 
DIGITS IN 05FF, THE NEXT TWO IN 03FE, 
AND SO ON. IT CAN COUNT VERY HIGH. 



DECIMAL SPOKEN HERE 

SET CARRY SO ADDER WILL WORK PROPERLY 

SET X REGISTER TO ZERO TO 

ZERO THE MONITOR TIME SLICE 

CHECK MONITOR TIME SLICE AND, 

IF IT IS ZERO, KEEP ON CHECKIN ' 

TO FF, TO INDEX, INITIALLY, 03FF 

GET CONTENTS OF 03XX 

ADD 1, SINCE THE CARRY IS SET 

AND PUT IT BACK WHERE WE FOUND IT 

WITHOUT CARRY, ADDITION IS FINISHED 

SO WAIT TILL NEXT TIME, OTHERWISE 

BACK U^ TO NEXT DIGIT 4 PROPAGATE CARRY 



NOTE: THIS PROGRAM MAY BE USED WITH THE PREVIOUS 
PROGRAM BY HAVING ONLY ONE OF THEM MESS WITH 
TIMES AND HAVING THEM SHARE A RAM LOCATION AS 
A FLAG. ONE SETS THE FLAG, WHILE THE OTHER 
RESETS THE FLAG AND LOOPS. 



which is a list of seven time slices, for six use." 
programs and the monitor, and from... 

which is a list of the seven staolc pointers for these 
progra.DS. 

Figure 2: Use of page zero memory, QOEQ-OOEE 



While the monitor uses a single loca- 
tion, 00F2, for storing its only stack 
pointer, TSAR maintains a list, STAX, of 
stack pointers, one for each program on 
the queue. The six bytes of code from 
178B to 1790 were included as an after- 
thought, after several foolish blunders 
on my part had let the system escape 
from my control. They merely guarantee 
the monitor's presence by forcing its 
time slice to "FF" If it is ever found at 
"00". Resorting to reset, to restore the 
monitor, is fun the first few times only. 
Nonetheless, these six bytes and the fif- 
teen bytes used to service breakpoints 
may be deleted without otherwise affec- 
ting TSAR. 

Bringing Up The System 

Managing the TSAR system is quite a 
bit more complex than running a single 
program on the KIM, and several steps 
are required to put It into operation. The 
following sequence will generate a func- 
tioning TSAR system. 



0200 








ORG 


$0200 


0200 


F8 




START2 


SED 




0201 


33 




STALL 


SEC 




0202 


A2 


00 




LDXIM 


$00 


0204 


86 


El 




STX 


TIMES 


0206 


A5 


El 


L00P2 


LDA 


TIMES 


0208 


FO 


FC 




BEQ 


L00P2 


020A 


CA 




NEXT 


DEX 




020B 


BD 


00 03 




LDAX 


X 


020E 


69 


00 




ADCIM 


$00 


0210 


9D 


00 03 




STAX 


X 


0213 


90 


EC 




BCC 


STALL 


0215 


BO 


F3 




BCS 


NEXT 



1. Verify that PB7 is connected to 
NMI (Figure 1). 

2. Load TSAR into 1780-1 7BB, from 
keypad or tape. 

3. If loading was from the keypad, 
verify correctness of code. 

4. Set 17FA,B to point to 1780 and 
set 17FE,F to point to 17AC, pro- 
viding the proper interrupt vec- 
tors for TSAR. 

5. Load all locations from OOEO 
through 00F1 with "00". 

6. Press "RS", guaranteeing the 
stack pointer (monitor) at FF. If 
you are planning to use the DE- 
LAY subroutine from the ROM, 



November, 1979 



MICRO — The 6502 Journal 



18:37 



The monitor or a 
user program will 
execute until its 
time slice has been 
exhausted, at which 
time the interval 
timer generates an 
interrupt which 
returns control to 
TSAR, where the 
current program is 
retired and the 
next enabled program 
is activated 






Disable interrupts 


timer times out 
RTI to next program on li; 






i 




2ave all registers 




' 




Store stack pointer 




1 




Protect monitor 




i 




Select next program 




i 




Load and arm timer 




A 




Retrieve new pointer 




i 


t 


Restore all registers 


that is enabled 
n 




Monitor or user program 
running under supervisio 
of TSAR. 


The activities of TSAR as 
it supervises the system. 



Figure 3: Flow of control in the TSAR system. 



Table 1 

Register Value Storage by the TSAR and by the KIM Monitor 

Monitor 

Dedicated KIM 
Page Zero RAM Locs. 

00F4 
OOFS 
00F3 
00F1 
00 EF (OOF A) 
OOFO (OOFB) 

Interrupt entry to TSAR (at 1780) or the Monitor (at 1C00) will store the MPU 
registers in the locations indicated above. Leaving TSAR via an RTI will restore 
these values to the MPU. Leaving the Monitor by using 'GO' restores the MPU 
from these RAM locations, except that the PCL and PCH are loaded from OOFA 
and OOFB (the pointer), respectively. To replace the original program counter Into 
the MPU, the contents of OOEF and OOFO are first transferred to OOFA and OOFB by 
pressing the 'PC key, moving the Program Counter into the pointer. 



TSAR 










KIM 


Typical User 
Stack Locations 


Prog 


ram 


Register 


Saved 


01 DA 
01 DB 
01 DC 
01 DD 
01 DE 
01 DF 








Y 

X 

A 

P 

PCL 

PCH 





Initial 

t 
value 



Initial 

X 

value 



Initial 

A 

value 



Initial 

flag 

values 



Initial 
PCL 
(EO) 



Initial 
PCH 
(02) 



01D9 



OlDA 



01DE 



01DF 



Figure 1: Initialization of a user program stack. The stack pointer Initially 
points to 01D9, but since It is incremented before any values are pulled, the 
contents of 01D9 have no effect on the program. 



remember that reset puts 17F3 
to "FF". Also, if you are inten- 
ding to use either port A or port 
B for output, you must recon- 
figure at this time, since reset 
configures all port lines as in- 
puts. 

7. Examine address 00E1, the 
monitor time slice. It will be 
"00". 

8. Press "ST", NOT "GO"! we in- 
tentionally interrupt the monitor 
at this point to raise the activity 
to the TSAR system level. The 
valjje at 00E1 should now 
become "FF" as the monitor pro- 
tection routine leaps in. If this 
does not happen, briefly address 
location 170C, another way to 
get an NMI pulse, and return to 
viewOOEI. If it still does not read 
"FF", reset and check the star- 
tup sequence. 

9. Now, assuming 00E1 is at "FF", 
try to key in "00". If the system 
rejects this, keeping "FF" in- 
stead, timesharing is in opera- 
tion. If "00" is accepted in 00E1, 
generate another NMI (by ex- 
amining 170C again) and verify 
timesharing as above. 

10. As a final indication that time- 
sharing is in operation, examine 
00E8, the stack pointer for the 
monitor. Since the monitor is be- 
ing interrupted, and not always 
at the same place, the value of 
0OE8 should change, probably 
flitting quickly from "F5" to "F7" 
and back. Any sign of flickering 
here verifies that TSAR Is in 
charge and that timesharing is 
under way. 

11. Key in a user program, noting 
that the monitor behaves as it 
always has. If you intend to load 
any user programs from tape, do 
so before step 8, as the timing 
changes under TSAR are not 
compatible with serial I/O. 
Assume that this first user pro- 
gram starts at location 02E0, as 
does the first of the sample pro- 
grams, and that its stack ex- 
tends downward from 01 DF, 
leaving 32 bytes for the monitor, 
far more than it will ever need. 
This Is program 1 (the monitor Is 
program 0), so its initial stack 
pointer will go into STAX-i-1, 
00E9. This stack will be access- 
ed initially by lines 17A6 to 17AB 
of TSAR. Since TSAR first pulls 
register values for Y, X, and A, 
and then (with RTI) pulls three 
more values for P and PC, we 
must provide these six values 
immediately above the stack 
pointer. The values in the first 
four of these locations are used 
for the initial register contents 
when program 1 starts running. 



18:38 



MICRO ~ The 6502 Journal 



November, 1979 



As they are of no consequence 
for the sample programs, they 
may be set to "00" or left as 
found. However, the final two 
locations, 01 DE and 01 DF, hold 
the program counter for program 
1 and must, In this case, be In- 
itialized to "EO" and "02" 
respectively, to provide the star- 
ting address, 02E0. Since the 
stack pointer must initially point 
to location 01 D9, a "D9" is keyed 
into location 00E9. 

12. Recheck the program code, 
stack values, and stack pointer. 

13. Examine location OOE2 (TIMES 
+ 1), the time slice for program 
1, and change it to a non-zero 
value. If your program does 
anything you can sense, you 



should be sensing It now. If it 
uses a counter, address the 
counter and watch it move. 
Return to 00E2 and vary the time 
slice, noting how the program 
execution speeds up and slows 
down. Change 00E1 and note its 
effect on the execution rate of 
your program. Enjoy it for a 
while, and then bring another 
program into the system. The 
procedure will be the same as 
above, from step 11 on although 
a different location must be us- 
ed for the stack, different In- 
itializing information must be 
placed on the stack, and the new 
stack pointer must be stored in a 
different position of ST AX. Dis- 
able the first program; run either, 
both, or neither of them; play 
with it! 



You are MASTER of your own time- 
sharing system! The sample programs 
provided do not represent the full range 
of TSAR'S potential. For one thing, keep- 
ing the monitor on-line prevents 
program-generated information from ap- 
pearing on the display. With additional 
devices for output, the variety of In- 
teresting programs that can be run 
under TSAR is increased greatly. 

For example, a memory-mapped video 
output can provide a very dramatic 
visual demonstration of timesharing. 
With a speaker connected as shown in 
the Kim User Manual, several programs 
may each toggle the speaker at rates 
determined by DELAY, a KIM monitor 
sub-routine at 1ED4 used for serial tele- 
printer I/O but also useful whenever a 
long software delay is required. They 
may also alter the DELAY parameters, 



VALUE AT 
THE TIME 
OF BREAK 



ITS OWN 
INDEX 



(00) 



p 

FLAGS 
B, Z, ETC 



PCL 

EITHER 

B5 OR B7 



PCH 
t17) 



X A P 
THESE VALUES WERE STORED 
WHEN THE BREAK OCCURRED 

I 1 



PCL PCH 
THESE POINT TO THE 
INSTRUCTION AFTER 
BREAK OP-CODE 



Loaded when timer interrupts breakpoint routine. Loaded when break actually occurs. 

Figure 5: Breakpoint stack contents. After recall, the pointer addresses the location below the Y value. 



0217 


20 DU 


IE 


START3 JSR 


021 A 


20 63 


IF 


JSR 


021D 


A5 FA 




LDA 


021F 


85 EH 




STA 


0221 


40 17 


02 


JMP 



3HD SAMPLE PROGRAM ADVANCES THE POINTER tOOFA,B) 
TO DISPLAY SUCCESSIVE MEMORY LOCATIONS. IT 
INTERFERES SEVERELY WITH THE SIMULTANEOUS USE OF THE 
MONITOR KEYPAD AND DISPLAY. 



DELAY (PRESET 17F2 AND 17F3 TO 

DETERMINE RATE OF DELAY 

INCPT INCREMENT THE POINTER, OOFA,B 

POINTL GET THE LOW BYTE OF THE POINTER 

AND USE IT AS THE VALUE 

TIMES +03 VALUE OF THIS PROGRAM, SHOWN AS 3 

STAHT3 AND KEEP GOING 



NOTE: THIS PROGRAM BEHAVES UNPREDICTABLY. IT MIGHT 
DISABLE ITSELF, OR IT MIGHT SUSPEND THE ENTIRE SYSTEM 
OB IT MIGHT KNOT. 



• BREAKPOINT SERVICE ROUTINE » 

• (ENTRY FROM IRQ VECTOR) 



17AC 






ORG 


$17AC 




17AC n8 




BREAK 


PHA 




SAVE A 


17AD 8fl 






TXA 




AND X 


17AE HS 






PHA 




ON THE STACK 


17AF A9 


00 




LDAIM 


$00 


CLEAR A 


17B1 A6 


EO 




LDX 


INDEX 


DETERMINE WHICH PROGRAM CAUSED BREAK 


17B3 95 


El 




STAX 


TIMES 


AND DISABLE IT 


17B5 B5 


El 


SLEEP 


LDAX 


TIMES 


SLUMBER IN A LOOP UNTIL 


17B7 FO 


FC 




BEQ 


SLEEP 


RECALLED BY TSAR 


17B9 to 


A8 1 


I 


JMP 


GOBACK 


LET TSAR RESTORE X AND A BEFORE RETURN 



» NOTE: THE RTI CODE AT $178B (IN TSAR) IS EXECUTED 
» TWICE AS A PROGRAM IS RE-AWAKENED AFTER A BREAK 



(17F2,3), modify each other's time slices, 
and toggle the speaker port between in- 
put and output, producing a type of 
mayhem In the speaker that varies from 
WWII soundtracks, to tuba contests, to 
bouncing ball bearings, to almost- 
human-sounding arguments. Using "OF" 
to provide longer time intervals 
enhances this cacophony. 

With several input devices (joysticks, 
keypads, even push buttons), TSAR per- 
mits the user connected to each device 
to have apparently sole use of the 
system, timesharing In the traditional, 
multi-user sense. With suitable ground 
rules established, the users could even 
play a version of "core war" in which 
each tries to get his (no doubt self- 
relocating) program to destroy the other 
programs before getting zapped by one 
of them. This has a vaguely evolutionary, 
survival-of-the-fittest undercurrent that 
keeps it from becoming too abstract. 

Keeping It Up 

One problem the TSAR system does 
present Is that, lacking proper safe- 
guards, it is somewhat fragile. A single 
program, running amok, can bring down 
all of the others, including TSAR. For- 
tunately there are some methods for re- 
covering gracefully from crashes, and 
even for averting many of them. 



November, 1979 



MICRO — The 6502 Journal 



18:39 



If the system seems to be misbehav- 
ing, It is a good idea to locate and dis- 
able the guilty program before it can in- 
terfere with other programs, the monitor, 
or TSAR. It is easy to disable any pro- 
gram simply by setting its time slice to 
zero. A record detailing what program is 
where on the queue and where the 
various stacks and stack pointers are 
located is very useful here. Once a pro- 
gram has been deactivated, it may be re- 
placed on the queue with a different pro- 
gram, or it may be altered (repaired?) 
and then returned to service by a simple 
time slice change. 

If disabling the suspect program fails 
to correct the system, the best pro- 
cedure is to disable all user programs, 
and the faster the better. Then re-intro- 
duce them individually, testing them one 
at a time with the monitor. An externally 
generated IRQ signal is the quickest, 
cleanest way to disable all user pro- 
grams, as it invokes the breakpoint ser- 
vice routine which disables the currently 
active program in an orderly manner. An 
interesting alternative is to have a 
special "shutdown" program ready but 
disabled. In case of trouble, enabling 
this program sends it into action to dis- 
able everything else and, finally, itself, in 
an orderly manner. 

Triggering IRQ several times will null 
the time slices of all programs (monitor, 
however, remains, because it is not sus- 
ceptible to IRQ), leaving each in a 
suspended state from which it can be 
returned to service by simply changing 
its time slice. This is a much less severe 
insult to the system than a reset pro- 
duces, and it should be tried first, when- 
ever dysfunction is suspected. Of 
course, if the system is hung in a loop 
with the I flag set, IRQ will be ignored 
and only a reset will affect the system. 

If the system is 'hung', probably in- 
dicated by a stable, partially-lit display, 
the only option is a reset. Then, examine 
INDEX (OOEO), to determine which pro- 
gram was running at the time of the 
reset interrupt. Disable that program 
and, if it was the whole problem, a "hot 
start" (set location OOEO to "00" and 
then examine location 170C) should re- 
kindle the system, minus the malfunctor. 
You can next locate the stack pointer for 
the disabled program and use it to deter- 
mine the register contents (roughly) 
when it was last activated. Compare this 
with the response of the monitor at 
reset, which sets both the stack pointer 
and 00F2 to "FF", obliterating any 
traces of stack activity. 

Breakpoints 

Unique to TSAR, the provision for in- 
terrogating the code of a program while 
it is running can even be extended 
through the use of breakpoints, which 
themselves may be inserted into the pro- 
gram while it is running. This feature 
depends upon the coincidental good for- 
tune that each 6502 branch instruction 
ends in a zero and can, therefore, be 



shifted left to the break code "00" 
without producing any dangerous inter- 
mediate code. 

Recall that the timesharing procedure 
probably prevents entering, through the 
monitor, more than one hex character 
per time slice. For example, keying the 
break code over the code "4C" would 
first produce the interim code "CO" 
which would create havoc If executed 
before the second zero could be keyed 
in, during the next monitor time period. 
Changing a branch code, "XO", to a 
break code presents no such problems. 
Of course, there is the option of dis- 
abling the program, inserting the break, 
and reenabling it again; but inserting the 
break into "moving code" is more ele- 
gant and much more exciting. 

When a break code is encountered, a 
non-maskable IRQ is generated, vector- 
ing control to the BSR code, presented 
in the listing. This routine first saves the 
A and X registers on the stack used by 
the interrupted program. It then sets the 
time slice of the interrupted program to 
zero, and loops on this condition until 
the current time slice expires and the 
program is recalled by TSAR. The user 
can detect the occurrence of a break by 
watching the location holding its time 
slice, or he can provide a watchdog pro- 
gram to monitor this value and produce 
a signal when it detects a zero. TSAR 
will bypass this program on subsequent 
cycles through the queue, because of its 
null time slice, so the idle program, its 
breakpoints, and its stack may be ex- 
amined and altered at leisure, until it is 
ready to be run again. 

At that time, merely keying in a non- 
zero time slice for the program signals 
to TSAR that it is to be reactivated, when 
its turn comes. Although reactivation 
returns it to the loop where it was sleep- 
ing before recall, the loop condition 
(time slice = zero) has been changed, 
so the program can escape from this 
loop and reenter its old code at the next 
instruction after the break. 

Since the procedure for bringing a pro- 
gram back from a break is somewhat in- 
volved, requiring as it does the unnest- 
ing of two different interrupts, a closer 
look might be worthwile. First TSAR, at 
line 179D, discovers that the program is 
again enabled, so its time slice Ui loaded 
into the interval timer. Then the stack 
pointer for this program is brought in 
from STAX. It will point to the location 
just below that where the Y register was 
stored. Registers Y, X, and A are loaded 
from this stack, and RTI restores the flag 
register, in which the Z flag is SET, and 
returns control at line 17B5 or 17B7 of 
the breakpoint routine. This is the stall- 
ing loop where the program idled from 
the break interrupt until its former time 
slice expired and it was recalled by 
TSAR. 

Now, however, its time slice has been 
adjusted from zero, and when this is dis- 
covered the loop is abandoned cind con- 



trol goes once more to TSAR's exit rou- 
tine, this time at 17A8. The X and A 
values from before the break are brought 
in, and the second pass through RTI re- 
stores P and PC, returning control to the 
user program at the instruction follow- 
ing the branch/break code. This entire 
procedure is carried out with no effect 
on the other programs operating under 
TSAR, except that each runs a bit more 
slowly when this program returns to ser- 
vice and again requires a slice of the 
MPU's time. 

Caveat Computor 

Because of significant differences 
between operating under TSAR and 
operating under the KIM monitor, a few 
warnings are in order. Although most 
have been mentioned before, they are 
collected here for emphasis and elabor- 
ation. Programs running simultaneously 
under TSAR, including the monitor, must 
not normally share RAM storage or use 
common subroutines unless they are ful- 
ly reentrant. This restricts user pro- 
grams from calling the keypad and dis- 
play routines if the monitor is enabled, 
and monitor RAM locations, like the 
pointer at OOFA,B must be scrupulously 
avoided. However, it is possible to bring 
up the TSAR system without an enabled 
monitor, permitting user programs to 
use the monitor utility routines. Simply 
altering the monitor protect code and 
then disabling the monitor is an in- 
elegant but easy way to manage this. It 
does, however, fill one place on the 
queue with a dead monitor. 

A better procedure is to set up all the 
stacks, time slices, and pointers in ad- 
vance, initiate the execution of a single 
user program from the monitor (with 
"GO"), and then use "ST" to leap up to 
TSAR. Although this approach sacri- 
fices interactive control of the system, 
that may be prevented by giving up the 
breakpoint routine and re-directing IRQ 
to the monitor at 1C00. An external 
device (switch?) that can deliver an IRQ 
might now restore the monitor on-line. 
Note that this procedure differs Jrom a 
recall by TSAR, in that the registers of 
the interrupted program are saved in 
monitor RAM instead of the program 
stack, meaning that the monitor has, for 
the time being, replaced one of the user 
programs on the queue. When the 
monitor is no longer needed, "PC" 
followed by "GO" will switch them back 
again, putting the monitor out of and the 
user program back into circulation. 

A disadvantage of this procedure is 
that, without additional control hard- 
ware, the program which is replaced by 
the monitor will be selected by chance, 
and several attempts may be needed to 
locate a suitable candidate, one you are 
willing to have idle as long as the 
monitor is in use. To minimize repeated 
blind interrupts and restarts of the sys- 
tem, disable all of the programs that you 
wish to keep running the first time you 
IRQ the system into the monitor. This 
greatly increases the chance that, on the 



18:40 



MICRO — The 6502 Journal 



November, 1979 



next interrupt, a non-essential program 
wiil be replaced by the monitor, and then 
the disabled programs can be reenabled. 
I prefer, instead, to retain continuous 
monitor presence and have my user pro- 
grams do their I/O through ports rather 
than through the l^eypad and display 
routines. 

Because of the changes in timing in- 
troduced, serial I/O drivers, such as the 
cassette and serial teleprinter routines 
in the ROM, cannot be expected to 
operate properly under TSAR. 

For more than six user programs, 
references to STAX, TIMES, and INDEX 
will need to be changed in TSAR, to re- 
flect the re-organization of page zero 
memory use. 

One of the most bizarre malfunctions 
that can occur under TSAR is to have 
more than one copy of the monitor con- 
currently active. Since the code is not 
reentrant, the multiple copies share 
RAM locations and interact oddly, pro- 
ducing such symptoms as: 

a. Keystroke double entry. This 
may be nice for bbookkeepers, 
but it makes it very difficult to 
address location 0327 when 
pressing the "3" key inserts two 
nibbles of "3", while the " + ' 
key advances two cells at a time 

b. Total or sporadic failure to res 
pond to certain keystroke com 
mands, as one copy of the 
monitor receives the command 



but, before it can finish ex- 
ecuting it, the other copy garbles 
up the message. 

An intriguing challenge, at this point, 
is to locate and disable the imposter— 
the marauding mock monitor— before it 
brings down the system altogether. My 
record of two successes in five trys is 
more impressive than It sounds. 

The possibility of numerous heirarchy 
violations exists under TSAFI because, 
In the absence of protectable memory 
regions (ROM doesn't count here), any 
executing program Is considered the 
equal of any other. This permits a lowly 
user program, Intentionally or other- 
wise, to plunder page twenty-three and 
wound or altogether destroy beloved 
TSAR. He may even manage to wrest 
control of the system, gaining thereby a 
sort of immortality, by preventing the 
changing of INDEX or by disabling all 
competition. The opportunities for such 
exotic malfunctioning are vast, but they 
are easy to avoid and the interest they 
contribute far outweighs whatever minor 
annoyance they might occasionally pro- 
duce. In fact, they can be a source of 
very interesting diagnostic oppor- 
tunities. For instance, imagine trying to 
reestablish control in a situation where 
monitor monitors monitor. 

RTI 

As I mentioned earlier, neither the 
design nor the operation of TSAR Is over- 



ly complicated. In spite of the enormous 
increase in capability that TSAR brings 
to KIM, the system is really quite simple 
to bring up and to operate. In fact, ex- 
cept for some flickering of the display, 
the monitor behaves as If it were in 
charge, rather than operating under the 
supervision of TSAR. Moreover, I have 
found that any apparent malfunctioning 
of TSAR could eventually be traced to 
carelessness on my part— in running a 
flawed program or in failing to initialize 
a pointer-stack combination properly. 

I assume that this system is easily 
adapted for use on other 6502 com- 
puters, and I would like to hear from 
anyone who brings it up on an AIM, SYM, 
or other 6502 machine, or who finds in- 
teresting, useful, or entertaining appli- 
cations for it. How about a memory map- 
ped display routine providing current in- 
formation regarding the system status, 
like: number of currently enabled pro- 
grams, disabled (I.e. available for use) 
INDEX values, percentage of running 
time alloted to each enabled program, 
maximum stack depth attained by each 
program (could head off disasters). Of 
course, this program would be on the 
queue and would be reporting on itself 
as well as on the others. With all that va- 
cant ROM space from 1A96 to 1BF9, I 
wish I knew a way to hide TSAR up there, 
out of danger from peasant programs 
and proletarian programmers, but ready 
to take command of a timesharing 
system when summoned. 



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Interconnecting cables, FODS, 
text editor and user and instal- 
lation manuals. 



The HDE DM81 6-MDl Mini Disl< System is the per- 
ipheral you have been waiting for. No longer bounded 
by long and unreliable cassette saves and loads, your 
computer becomes a sophisticated system for program 
development or general purpose use. With the HDE 
Mini-Disk you load and save programs in seconds, not 
minutes or hours. And, since all transfers to and from 
the Mini-Disk are verified for accuracy, the data will be 
there when you need it. 

The HDE DM816-MD1 Mini-Disk has been "systems" 
engineered to provide a complete and integrated capa- 
bility. Software and hardware have been built as a team 
using the most reliable components available. The sys- 
tems software includes the acclaimed and proven 
HDE File Oriented Disk System and Text EDitor, requir- 
ing only 8K for the operating software and overlay area. 
Systems expanding programs available include the 



two-pass HDE assembler, the Text Output Processing 
System and Dynamic Debugging Tool. Hardware in- 
cludes a Western Digital 1771 based controller in a 
state-of-the-art 4V2 x 6V2" card size, Shugart SA 400 drive 
and the Alpha power supply. 

The storage media for the DM81 6-MD1 is the stan- 
dard, soft sectored 5%" mini diskette readily available 
at most computer stores, and HDE has designed the 
system so that the diskettes rotate only during disk 
transactions, favorably extending media life. A disk 
formatter routine included with the system, formats the 
diskettes, verifies media integrity by a comprehensive 
R/W test and checks drive RPM. Additional utilities 
provide ascending or descending alpha numeric sort. 
disk packing, text output formatting, file renaming, 
file addressing and other capabilities. 



HDE PRODUCTS. BUILT TO BE USED WITH CONFIDENCE. 
AVAILABLE DIRECT OR FROM THESE FINE DEALERS: 



JOHNSON COMPUTER 

Box 523 

Medina. Ohio 44256 

216-725-4560 



PLAINSMAN MICROSYSTEMS ARESCO 

Box 1712 P.O Box 43 

Auburn. Ala. 36830 Audubon. Pa 19407 
800-633-8724 215-631-9052 



LONG ISLAND 

COMPUTER GENERAL STORE 

103 Atlantic Avenue 

Lynbrook, NY. 1 1563 

516-887-1500 



LONE STAR ELECTRONICS 

Box 488 

Manctiaca, Texas 78652 

612-282-3570 



Interfacing the CI-812 to the KIM 



If you want to add I/O capabilities to your KIM, then 
consider the CI-812 I/O board and its abilities. 



Jim Dennis 

2305 Pinecrest 

Nacogdoches, TX 75962 



^ 



The Percom CI-812 I/O board contains 
a full-duplex data terminal interface 
(RS-232) and a cassette interface that 
can load and dump data at rates up to 
2400 baud. The CI-812 comes with 8080 
software and is useless to 6502 owners, 
as is. I have interfaced a CI-812 to a 
KIMSI 6502 to S-100 motherboard, and I 
have written software that loads and 
dumps to the CI-812 from a KIM. 

There are several reasons why I 
wanted to add this board to my I/O 
library. First, under the right conditions, 
data transfer can take place very quickly 
compared to the standard 10 cps of the 
KIM, and the rates are easily controlled 
in the software. 

Second, if the user is interested in 
building a terminal to communicate with 
a big computer or with another small 
computer via a modem, all that is need- 
ed additionally is a modem ($125 for a 
Pennywhislle), a TVT-6 ($35), and a video 
monitor ($150), or a converted black and 
white TV, to turn the KIM into a full- 
fledged intelligent terminal. 

Third, data received from magnetic 
tape is self-clocked with a signal ex- 
tracted from the data. Speed variations 
in the tape drive and baud rate changes 
are thereby eliminated as sources of er- 
ror. 

The KIMSI generates S-100 bus 
signals and the decode enable from the 
signals on the expansion connector of 
the KIM. S-100 signals of the bus master 
type used by the CI-812, in addition to 
the tri-stated address lines and the DO 
and Dl lines, include PWR, PDBIN, SINP, 
and SOUT. PWR is an active low signal 
denoting stable data on the DO lines, 
PDBIN is an active high signal that 



enables the Dl lines, while SINP and 
SOUT are active high signals that in- 
dicate the addressing of an I/O device. 

The CI-812 does not directly interface 
with the KIMSI because of timing pro- 
blems associated with SINP, SOUT, and 
the DO buffer enable. Also, the 2 MHz 
clock pulse required by the CI-812 is not 
generated by the KIMSI. The procedure 
for overcoming these problems is: 

1. Jumper the 1 MHz eiiable from 
finger 62 of the KIMSI to finger 
49 of the KIMSI. 

2. Bypass the first divide-by-two 
stage of the clock by bending up 
pin 5 109 of the CI-812 and jump- 
ering pin 5 IC12 to pin 8 1C3. 

3. Create a new signal, which I call 
SNOUT, that goes high whenever 
an I/O device is addressed. SNOUT 
is available at pin 10 IC9 of the 
KIMSI. Jumper it to finger 96 of the 
KIMSI. 

4. Bypass the OR-INVERT of SINP 
and SOUT by the CI-812 by jump- 
ering finger 96 of the KIMSI to pin 
IC20 of the CI-812 and by bending 
up pin 4 IC2of the CI-812. 

5. Permanently enable the DO buffers 
by jumpering pin 12 IC14 of the 
CI-812. 



This completes the hardware revision 
of the KIMSI and the CI-812. The CI-812 
outputs bi-phase (Manchester! code con- 
sisting of bursts of 2400 Hz square 
waves for a logic one and 1200 Hz 
square waves for a logic zero. Impress- 
ing unfiltered square waves on magnetic 
tape and then reading them involves a 



double differentiation process that can 
cause errors at high baud rates. For this 
reason, computer grade tape and baud 
rates of not more than 300 are recom- 
mended. Three hundred baud is known 
as the Kansas City standard. 

The program shown is a checksum 
loader-dump routine which I have written 
for the KIM-PERCOM-KIMSI combina- 
tion. The KIMSI uses memory mapping to 
address I/O devices, reserving address 
range FOXX for I/O devices. 

My PERCOM board is addressed at 
FOEX; X = 1, 2. The program follows the 
format of the KIM cassette loader and 
dump, loading block headers and EOT's 
in Hex and all else in ASCII. No SYN 
characters are necessary. When a pro- 
gram has been dumped, the monitor 
takes over at address 0000. If a program 
has loaded correctly, the address dis- 
play will light at 0000 also. If an illegal 
hex character has been encountered, 
meaning that the tape has been read in- 
correctly, the display will light at the 
starting address of the loader. 

For example, if two ASCII characters 
are decoded to a J6, which is supposed 
to be a hex byte, then the tape has been 
read incorrectly. If a checksum error oc- 
curs, then the display will light with the 
calculated checksum high or low byte 
repeated twice in the address display. 

The ASCII — hex checksum load and 
dump routine for the KIM uses the 
following KIM monitor subroutines: VEB, 
INTVEB, CHKT, INCVEB and PACKT. 
The CI-812 is addressed at F0E1 and 
F0E2 in the program listing. The ASCII 
— hex dump starts at 0000 and loads at 
0070. To change to another location, 
modify locations denoted by "*" to 
reference the new page. 



November, 1979 



MICRO — The 6502 Journal 



18:43 











008C FO 


02 






BEO GETBYT 


YES, PICK UP NEXT 2 CHARAC. 










008E DO 


F7 






BNE RDY? 


NO, LOOK AGAIN 


SUBROm"INE 


FUNCTION 




0090 20 


23 


01" 


' GETBYT 


JSR ASCIIHEX 


GET NEXT 2 CHAR. AND CONVERT 










0093 CD 


F9 


17 




CMP ID 


IS IT THE RIGHT BLOCK? 


OUTCHR 




DUMPS ASCII CHR OK TAPE 


0096 FO 


02 






BEQ GO 


YES, GET FIRST CHARACTER 


OUTBYTC 




DUMPS IHEX BYTE AS 2 ASCII CHR AND 


0098 DO 


F6 






BNE GETBYT 


NO, KEEP LOOKING FOR ID 






INCREMENTS CHKSUM 


009A 29 


23 


01* 


GO 


JSR ASCIIHEX 


GET BYTE AND CONVERT TO HEX 


OUTBYT 




SAME AS ABOVE 


3UT DOES NOT INC CHKSUM 


009D 20 


4C 


19 




JSR CHKSUM 


INC CHECKSUM 


LDASCII 




LOADS 1 ASCII 


CHR 


OOAO 8D 


ED 


17 




STA VEB + 1 


STORE CHKSUM LOW 


HEXTOAS 




CONVERTS 1/2 HEX BYTE TO ASCII | 


00A3 20 


23 01* 




JSR ASCIIHEX 












00A6 20 


4C 


19 




JSR CHKSUM 












00A9 8D 


EE 


17 




STA VEB + 2 


STORE CHKSUM HIGH 










OOAC A2 


02 




G02 


LDXIM 02 


LDX CHAR. COUNTER 










OOAE 20 


32 


01* 


GOl 


JSR LDASCII 


GET ASCII CHAR. 


0000 A9 AD 




LDAIM AD 


INITIALIZE VEB AS DUMP 


OOBl C9 


2F 






CMPIM EOT 


IS IT EOT? 


0002 8D EC 


17 


STA VEB 




00B3 FO 


17 






BEQ CONT 


YES, FINISH 


0005 20 32 


19 


JSR INTVEB 


INITIALIZE VEB 


00B5 20 


00 


lA 




JSR PACKT 


NO, PACK ASCII AS HEX 


0008 A9 2A 




LDAIM ASCII 


'*' ASCII SYNC 


00B8 FO 


03 






BEQ VALASC 


BEQ VALID ASCII CHAR. 


OOOA 20 56 


00* 


JSR OUTCHR 


OUTPUT BLOCK HEADER 


OOBA 4C 4F 


IC 




JMP START 


ERROR EXIT 


OOOD AD F9 


17 


LDA ID 




OOBD CA 






VALASC 


DEX 


DEC. CHAR. COUNTER 


0010 20 03 


01* 


JSR OUTBYT 


OUTPUT ID WITHOUT CHKS 


OOBE DO 


EE 






BNE GOl 


GET 2ND CHAR. 


0013 AD F5 


17 


LDA SAL 


STARTING ADDRESS LOW 


00 CO 20 


4C 


19 




JSR CHKSUM 


INC CHKSUM 


0016 20 00 


01* 


JSR OUTBYTC 


OUTPUT WITH CHKSUM 


00C3 4C 


EC 


17 




JMP VEB 


MOVE SA TO VEB 


0019 AD F6 


17 


LDA SAH 


STARTING ADDRESS HIGH 


00C6 20 


EA 


19 




JSR INCVEB 


INC. CURRENT ADD. 


00 IC 20 00 


01* 


JSR OUTBYTC 




00C9 4C 


AC CO* 




JMP G02 


LOOP BAK FOR MORE CHAR. 


OOIF AD ED 


17 


STRT LDA VEB + 1 


GET CURRENT ADD. LOW 


OOCC 20 23 01* 


CONT 


JSR ASCIIHEX 


GET CHKSUM 


0022 CD F7 


17 


CMP EAL 


CMP WITH ENDING ADD. L 


OOCF FO 


03 






BEQ CKOK? 


IT IT VALID HEX? 


0025 AD EE 


17 


LDA VEB + 2 


GET CURRENT ADD. HIGH 


OODl 4C 


2B 


19 




JMP ERROREX 


NO, EXIT 


0028 ED F8 


17 


SBC EAH 


SBC ENDING ADD. HIGH 


00D4 CD 


E7 


17 


CKOK? 


CMP CHKSUML 


YES, COMPARE WITH CALC. CHKS 


002B 90 lA 




BCC DUMP2 


DO THEY AGREE? 


00 D7 FO 


03 






BEQ OK 


CHKSUM LOW AGREES 


002D A9 2F 




LDA ASCII'/ 


YES, LDA ASCII SLASH 


00D9 4C 


2B 


19 


BADNEW 


:JMP ERROREX 


CHKSUM LOW DOES NOT AGREE 


002 F 20 56 


00' 


JSR OUTCHR 


OUTPUT EOT 


00 DC 20 


23 01* 


OK 


JSR ASCIIHEX 


GET CHKSUM HIGH 


0032 AD E7 


17 


LDA CHKSUML 


GET CHKSUM LOW 


OODF CD 


E8 


17 




CMP CHKSUMH 


COMPARE WITH CALC. CHKSUMH 


0035 20 03 


01* 


JSR OUTBYT 


OUTPUT 


00E2 DO 


F5 






BNE BADNEWS 


CHKSUM HIGH DOES NOT AGREE 


0038 AD E8 


17 


LDA CHKSUm 


GET CHKSUM HIGH 


00E4 A9 


00 






LDAIM 00 




003B 20 03 


01* 


JSR OUTBYT 


OUTPUT 


00E6 4C 


28 


19 




JMP NORMEX 


CHKSUM AGREES 


00 3E A9 00 




LDA 00 




0100 20 


4C 


19 




JSR CHKSUM 


CALC. CHKSUM 


0040 85 FA 




STAZ POINTL 




0103 A8 








TAY 


SAVE BYTE 


0042 85 FB 




STAZ POINTH 




0104 4A 








LSRA 




0044 4C 4F 


iC 


JMP START 


ALL OK, RETURN TO MON 


0105 4A 








LSRA 




0047 20 EC 


17 


DUMP2 JSR VEB 


PICK UP NEXT BYTE 


0106 4A 








LSRA 




004A 20 00 


01* 


JSR OUTBYTC 


OUTPUT 


0107 4A 








LSRA 


SHIFT OUT LSB 


004D 20 EA 


19 


JSR INCVEB 


INC CURRENT ADDRESS 


0108 20 


13 01 


* 


JSR HEXTOAS 


CONVERT TO ASCII 


0050 4C IF 00^ 


4C STRT 




OlOB 98 








TYA 


RESTORE BYTE 


0053 EA 




NOP 




OlOC 20 


13 01 


* 


JSR HEXTOAS 


OUTPUT MSB AS ASCII 


0054 EA 




NOP 




OlOF 98 








TYA 


RESTORE BYTE 


0055 EA 




NOP 




0110 60 








RTS 




0056 48 




PHA 


SAVE BYTE 


0111 EA 








NOP 




0057 A9 03 




LDAIM 03 


LDA SELECT CODE 


0112 EA 








NOP 




0059 8D EC 


FO 


STA CAS-SEL 


SELECT CASSETTE MODE 


0113 29 


OF 






ANDIM OF 


MASK MSB 


005C AD El 


FO 


LDA UARTOUT 


READ UART TO CLEAR 


0115 C9 


OA 






CMPIM OA 




005F AD EO 


FO 


CLEAR LDA STATUS 


READ STATUS 


0117 18 








CLC 




0062 29 80 




ANDIM 80 


MASK STATUS BIT 


0118 30 


02 






BPL CONV 




0064 FO F9 




BEQ CLEAR 


LOOP IF STILL TRANSMIT 


OllA 69 


07 






ADCIM 07 




0066 68 




PHA 


RESTORE BYTE 


one 69 


30 




CONV 


ADCIM 30 


CONVERT TO ASCII 


0067 80 El 


FO 


STA CASOUT 


OUTPUT TO UART 


OllE 20 


56 00* 




JSR OUTCHR 


OUTPUT AS ASCII 


006A 60 




RTS 




0121 60 








RTS 




006B EA 




NOP 




0122 EA 








NOP 




006C EA 




NOP 




0123 20 


32 


o:i* 




JSR LDASCII 


READS UART 


006D EA 




NOP 




0126 20 


00 


lA 




JSR PAaT 


PACKS 2 ASCII CHAR. 


006E EA 




NOP 




0129 20 


32 


01* 




JSR LDASCII 


AS 1 HEX BYTE 


006F EA 




NOP 


LOADER BEGINS HERE 


012C 20 


00 


lA 




JSR PACKT 




0070 A9 8D 




LDAIM 8D 


SET UP VEB AS LOADER 


012F 60 








RTS 




0072 80 EC 


17 


STA VEB 




0130 EA 








NOP 




0075 20 32 


19 


JSR INTVEB 


INITIALIZE VEB AS LOADER 


U131 EA 








NOP 




b078 AS 4C 




LDAIM 4C 




0132 A9 


01 






LDAIM 01 


CODE FOR CASSETTE LOAD 


007A 8D EF 


17 


STA VEB +3 




0134 8D EO 


FO 




STA UART 


OUTPUT TO UART 


007D A9 C6 


* 


LDAIM C6 




0137 AD 


El 


FO 


LOOP 


LDA UARTOUT 


CLEAR UART 


007F 8D FO 


17 


STA VEB + 4 




013A AD 


EO 


FCi 




LDA FLAG 


READ STATUS 


0082 A9 00 


* 


LDAIM 00 


LOADER RETURNS FROM VEB 


013D 29 


40 






ANDIM 40 


MASK STATUS BIT 


0084 8D Fl 


17 


STA VEB + 5 


WITH JMP TO LOC. 00C6 


013F FO 


F9 






BEQ LOOP 


IF NOT READY, WAIT 


0087 20 32 


01* 


RDY? JSR LDASCII 


LOOK FOR BLOCK HEADER 


0141 AD El 


FC 




LDA DATA 


LOAD ASCII CHAR. 


008A C9 2A 




CMPIM '*' 


IS IT A SYNC? 


0144 60 








RTS 


RETURN 


18:44 






MICRO - 


- The 6502 Journal 




November, 1979 



^^ 



AMPERSORT 

Alan G. Hill 

12092 Oeerhorn Drive 

Cincinnati, OH 45240 

I apologize to MICRO readers for the 
errors in the listing of AMPERSORT 
published in MICRO 14:39. The problem 
was a result of including the first five 
pages of an earlier version w/ilh the last 
two pages of a later version to which 
lines 3940 thru 3946 were added. This 
caused, as many readers discovered^ the 
object address of some of the preceding 
code to be incorrect. Attached is a 
listing of the correct object code. 
Anyone wishing to receive an improved 
version on cassette may do so by sen- 
ding $5.00 to me at the above address. 

Several people have asked if AMPER- 
SORT can be used with Applesoft in 
RAM rather than ROM. With the follow- 
ing changes it can; 



Routine 



ROM Addr. RAM Addr. 



FRMNUM $DD67 $156A 

GETADR ?E752 $1F49 

GETBYT $E6F8 $1EEF 

SNER $DEC9 $16CC 

The Applesoft RAM BASIC program 
must also Include the following 
statements that must be executed prior 
to the first '&SRT' command: 

POKE 2142,244: POKE 2143,3 

The specific changes to AMPERSORT 
for Applesoft RAM are: 



Address 



ROM Ver. RAM Ver. 



$5269 


67 


6A 


$526A 


DD 


15 


$526C 


52 


49 


$526 D 


E7 


IF 


$527A 


67 


6A 


$5278 


DD 


15 


$527D 


52 


49 


$527E 


E7 


1F 


$52A9 


C9 


CC 


$52AA 


DE 


16 


$5284 


F8 


EF 


$5285 


E6 


IE 


$52C0 


F8 


EF 


$52C1 


E6 


IE 



Microbes 



Note on Charles Husband's 

Speech Processor for the PET 

MICRO 16:41 

Readers interested in obtaining addi- 
tional information about the Data—Boy 
Speech Processor should contact Jim 
Anderson at: 

MIMIC Electronics 

Box 921 

Acton, MA 01720 



*5200 


.5589 














53C0- 


82 


55 


30 


OC Bl 


D8 Dl DC 




















53 C 3- 


BO 


14 


20 


CI 54 


4C 05 54 


5200- 


48 


20 


E6 


54 


68 


A2 


00 


DD 


53D0- 


Bl 


D8 


Dl 


DC 90 


2F FO 19 


5208- 


2C 


55 


DO 


46 


20 


Bl 


00 


E8 


53D8- 


20 


CI 


54 


4C 05 


54 DO 25 


5210- 


EO 


05 


DO 


F3 


A2 


00 


FO 


03 


53E0- 


C8 


C4 


EF 


FO 06 


C4 FO FO 


5218- 


20 


Bl 


00 


C9 


2C 


FO 


OA 


9D 


53E3- 


16 


90 


OF 


C4 FO 


90 E9 FO 


5220- 


72 


55 


E8 


EO 


10 


DO 


Fl 


FO 


53F0- 


OE 


C8 


C4 


EF FO 


09 C4 FO 


5228- 


29 


CA 


BD 


72 


55 


C9 


24 


FO 


53F8- 


FO 


DE 


98 


D5 E7 


DO CO E8 


5230- 


24 


C9 


25 


DO 


15 


A2 


01 


A9 


5400- 


EC 


88 


55 


DO B8 


E6 ED DO 


5238- 


80 


IB 


72 


55 


9D 


72 


55 


CA 


5408- 


02 


E6 


EE 


A5 EB 


C5 EO AS 


5240- 


10 


F5 


A9 


02 


85 


EC 


A? 


01 


5410- 


EE 


E5 


El 


90 14 


E6 DE 00 


5248- 


DO 


19 


M 


05 


85 


EC 


A9 


02 


5413- 


02 


E6 


DF 


A5 DE 


C5 D4 A5 


5250- 


DO 


11 


4C 


AS 


52 


A9 


80 


OD 


5420- 


DF 


E5 


D5 


90 07 


20 09 55 


5258- 


73 


55 


8D 


73 


55 


A9 


03 


85 


5428- 


60 


4C 


8E 


53 4C 


59 53 18 


5260- 


EC 


M 


OO 


85 


Fl 


20 


Bl 


00 


5430- 


6(\ 


BO 


03 


4C 6D 


54 AO 01 


52A3- 


20 


67 


DD 


20 


52 


E7 


A5 


50 


5438- 


Bl 


D6 


Dl 


DA 88 


Bl D6 Fl 


5270- 


85 


DE 


A5 


51 


85 


DF 


20 


Bl 


5440- 


DA 


90 


22 


Bl D6 


51 DA 30 


5278- 


00 


20 


67 


DD 


20 


52 


E7 


AS 


5448- 


BC 


C8 


Bl 


DA 48 


88 Bl DA 


5280- 


50 


85 


D4 


18 


69 


01 


85 


EO 


5450- 


48 


Bl 


D6 


91 DA 


C8 Bl D6 


5288- 


A5 


51 


85 


DS 


69 


00 


85 


El 


5458- 


91 


DA 


88 


68 91 


D6 C8 68 


5290- 


A5 


Fl 


DO 


59 


FO 


15 


A2 


00 


5460- 


91 


D6 


4C 


05 54 


Bl B6 51 


5298- 


6D 


31 


55 


09 


80 


20 


ED 


FD 


5468- 


DA 


30 


BE 


10 98 


AO 00 Bl 


52A0- 


EB 


EO 


17 


DO 


F3 


20 


09 


55 


5470- 


D6 


ni 


DA 


90 OE 


FO 02 BO 


52A8- 


4C 


C9 


DE 


AO 


00 


8C 


89 


55 


5478- 


ID 


C8 


CO 


05 DO 


Fl FO 3E 


52B0- 


20 


Bl 


OO 


20 


F8 


E6 


CA 


AC 


54 80- 


AO 


01 


Bl 


D6 31 


DA 11 DA 


52B3- 


89 


55 


96 


E2 


20 


Bl 


00 


20 


5438- 


30 


20 


88 


Bl DA 


DO 2F C8 


52C0- 


F8 


E6 


AC 


39 


55 


96 


E7 


20 


5490- 


Bl 


D6 


10 


16 30 


28 AO 01 


52C8- 


Bl 


OO 


90 


D9 


C9 


44 


FO 


04 


5498- 


Bl 


D6 


31 


DA 11 


06 30 IE 


52D0- 


A9 


FF 


30 


02 


A9 


00 


99 


82 


54A0- 


88 


Bl 


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Data Acquisition Modules 




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The world we live in is full of variables we want to 
measure. These include weight, temperature, pressure, 
humidity, speed and fluid level. These variables are 
continuous and their values may be represented by a 
voltage. This voltage is the analog of the physical varia- 
ble. A device which converts a physical, mechanical or 
chemical quantity to a voltage is called a sensor. 

Computers do not understand voltages: They under- 
stand bits. Bits are digital signals. A device which con- 
verts voltages to bits is an analog-to-digital converter. 
Our AIM1 6 (Analog Input Module) is a 1 6 input analog- 
to-digital converter. 

The goal of Connecticut microcomputer in designing 
the DAM SYSTEMS is to produce easy to use, low cost 
data acquisition modules for small computers. As the 
line grows we will add control modules to the system. 
These acquisition and control modules will include 
digital input sensing (e.g. switches), analog input sens- 
ing (e.g. temperature, humidity), digital output control 
(e.g. lamps, motors, alarms), and analog output control 
(e.g. X-Y plotters, or oscilloscopes). 



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S^ 



Analog Input Module 




The AIM 16 is a 16 channel analog to digital converter 
designed to work with most microcomputers. The 
AIM16 is connected to the host computer through the 
computer's 8 bit input port and 8 bit output port, or 
through one of the DAM SYSTEMS special interfaces. 

The input voltage range is to 5.12 volts. The input 
voltage is converted to a count between and 255 (00 
and FF hex). Resolution is 20 millivolts per count. Ac- 
curacy is 0.5% ± 1 bit. Conversion time is less than 100 
microseconds per channel. All 16 channels can be 
scanned in less than 1.5 milliseconds. 

Power requirements are 12 volts DC at 60 ma. 

The F'OWl is the power module for the AIM16. One 
P0W1 supplies enough power for one AIM 16, one 
MANM0D1, sixteen sensors, one XPANDR1 and one 
computer interface. The P0W1 comes in an American 
version (POWIa) for 110 VAC and in a European ver- 
sion (POWIe) for 230 VAC. 



AIM16. 
POWIa 
POWIe, 



$179.00 
$ 14.95 
$ 24.95 



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Connectors 



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The AIM 16 requires connections to its input port 
(analog inputs) and its output port (computer inter- 
face). The ICON (Input CONnector) is a 20 pin, solder 
eyelet, edge connector for connecting inputs to each of 
the AIM1 6's 1 6 channels. The OCON (Output CONnec- 
tor) is a 20 pin, solder eyelet edge connector for con- 
necting the computer's input and output ports to the 
AIM16. 

The MANM0D1 (MANifold MODule) replaces the 
ICON. It has screw terminals and barrier strips for all 1 6 
inputs for connecting pots, joysticks, voltage sources, 
etc. 

CABLE A24 (24 inch interconnect cable has an inter- 
face connector on one end and an OCON equivalent on 
the other. This cable provides connections between the 
DAM SYSTEMS computer interfaces and the AIM16 or 
XPANDR1 and between the XPANDR1 and up to eight 
AIM16S. 



ICON 
OCON 
MANM0D1 . 
CABLE A24. 



$ 9.95 
$ 9.95 
$59.95 
$19.95 



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XPANDR1 




The XPANDR1 allows up to eight AIM 16 modules to be 
connected to a computer at one time. The XPANDR1 is 
connected to the computer in place of the AIM16. Up to 
eight AIM1 6 modules are then connected to each of the 
eight ports provided using a CABLE A24 for each 
module. Power for the XPANDR1 is derived from the 
AIM16 connected to the first port. 

XPANDR1 . . . $59.95 



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TEMPSENS 




This module provides two temperature probes for use 
by the AIM16. This module should be used with the 
MANM0D1 for ease of hookup. The MANM0D1 will 
support up to 16 probes (eight TEMPSENS modules). 
Resolution for each probe is 1°F, 



TEMPSENS2P1 (-10°F to 120°F) 



$49.95 } 



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Computer Interfaces 
and Sets 




For your convenience the AIM16 comes as part of a 
number of sets. The minimum configuration for a usable 
system Is the AIM16 Starter Set 1. This set includes 
one AIIVI1 6, one P0W1 , one ICON and one OCON. The 
AIM16 Starter Set 2 includes a IVIANM0D1 in place of 
the ICON. Both of these sets require that you have a 
hardware knowledge of your computer and of computer 
interfacing. 

For simple plug compatible systems we also offer 
computer interfaces and sets for several home com- 
puters. 

The PETMOD plugs into the back of the Commodore 
PET computer and provides two PET IEEE ports, one 
user port and one DAM SYSTEMS port. The PETMOD Is 
connected to the AIM1 6 or XPANDR1 with CABLE A24. 
The PETSET1 includes one PETMOD, one CABLE A24, 
one AIM16, one P0W1 and one MANM0D1. To read 
and display a single AIM16 channel (N) using the 
PETSET1 the BASIC statements 

PDKE5942i,N:PQKE59426f 255 :X=PtEK( 59471 ) •.PRINT" CHANNEL "(t"="X 

are all that is needed. 

The KIMMOD plugs into the COMMODORE KIM ap- 
plications connector and provides one application con- 
nector and one DAM SYSTEM'S port. The KIMMOD is 
connected to the AIM 16 or XPANDR1 with CABLE A24. 
Assembly and machine language programs for reading 
and displaying data are included. The KIMSET1 in- 
cludes one KIMMOD, one CABLE A24, one AIM 1 6, one 
P0W1 and one MANMOD 1. 

All sets come in American and European versions. 

AIM1 6 Starter Set 1a (110 VAC) ... $189.00 
AIM 1 6 Starter Set 1e (230 VAC)... $199.00 
AIM1 6 Starter Set 2a (110 VAC) ... $259.00 
AIM 1 6 Starter Set 2e( 230 VAC) ... $269.00 

PETMOD ... $ 49.95 
KIMMOD ... $ 39.95 
PETSETIa... $295.00 
PETSETIe... $305.00 
KIMSETIa... $285.00 
KIMSETIe... $295.00 



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Our Guarantee of Satisfaction 



Our customers are our most Important asset. We want 
you to be pleased with whatever you purchase from us. 
We strive to offer top quality products at reasonable 
prices. We believe you should see an itefn before you 
spend your hard earned cash for It. 

Ask for a demonstration at your local computer store 
so you can be sure our products perform as you want 
them to perform. Your dealer is a valued source of infor- 
mation and advice. 

If you cannot see our products in advance, and order 
direct from us, we offer a money back guarantee. If our 
products don't perform as you expect, return the mer- 
chandise to us within 30 days, in its original condition, 
and Vi^e will refund the purchase price. 

Ou r standard warranty for all our products Is 90 days. 



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Coming Soon 



TEMPSENS-2P with other temperature ranges. Inter- 
faces for TRS-80, APPLE, A1M65. Light sensors. Out- 
put modules. Contact us for price and availability. 



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Dealers 



< ' 



Give your potential customers a reason for buying your 
computers. We offer excellent discounts to legitimate 
dealers. Contact us for our dealer pack. 



Order Form 



CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER , Inc. 

150 POCONO ROAD 

BROOKFIELD, CONNECTICUT 06804 

TEL: (203) 775-9659 TWX: 710-456-0052 



QUANTITY 


DESCRIPTION 


PRICE 


TOTAL 


































































































SUBTOTAL 




Handlirigand shipping — add per order 


S3.00 


Foreign orders add 10% for AIR postage 




Connecticut residents add 7% sales tax 




TOTAL ENCLOSED 





NAME 






rnUPAMY 


AnnRFR.<! 




CITY 


STATF 




7IP 


VISA O M/C O 


.Fi^pirj^ttonriatp 




Carfl niimhpr 







.^I^^^^SiS^S^^^S^^^^^^S^^^SSI^S^S^Z^^^Z^^ 



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PET Printer Adapter 




The CmC ADA 1200 drives an RS-232 printer from the 
PET IEEE-488 bus. Now, the PET owner can obtain 
hard copy listings and can type letters, manuscripts, 
mailing labels, tables of data, pictures, invoices, 
graphs, checks, needlepoint patterns, etc., using 
RS-232 standard printer or terminal. 

A cassette tape is included with software for plots, 
formatting tables and screen dumps. The ADA1200 
sells for $169.00 and includes case, power supply and 
cable. 



Order direct or contact your local computer store. 

VISA AND M/C ACCEPT€D — SEND ACCOUNT NUMBER, EXPIRATION DATE AND SIGN ORDER. 
ADD 13 PER ORDER TOR SHIPPING 1 HANDLING — FOREIGN ORDERS ADD 10% FOR AIR POSTAGE 

CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER, Inc. 

150 POCONO ROAD 
BROOKFIBLD, CONNECTICUT 08804 

TEL: (203) 775-9659 TWX: 710-456-0052 



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softside 
soitivare 

305 Riv«rlLi(Je Drive New York W V^Tnn^T 

fit 




program. 



1CJ-RAPHICS PAC 2 Quadruple your PET's graphic resolution. Why be 

New Version stuck with the PET's Cumbersome 25 x 40 1000 point 

display. With Graphics Pac you can directly control 
(set and cleir) 4000 points on screen. It's great for graphing, plotting, and gaining. Graphics 
Pac allows you to plot in any combination of two modes: 4 Quadrant graphing with (0.0) center 
screen, and Standard graphing with (0,0) plotted in the upper left hand corner. Complete docu- 
mentation shows how you can merge this useful routine with any of your own programs wjth- 
out retyping either one! All this on a high quality Microsette for only $9.95. 

2 /assembler 2001 A full featured assembler for your PET microcompu- 

ter that follows the standard set of 6502 mnemonics. 
,.,-.. , _^^ „ Now you can take full advantage of the computing 

abilities of your PET. Store and load via tape, run through the SYS or USR functions. List aTid 
edit too with this powerful assembler. No other commercial PETassembler gives you all these 
features pk s the ability to look at the PETS secret Basic ROMs ail in one program. This valu- 
able program is offered at $15.95 

3B!:KE An ejccitjng new sinjLiJatJon that puts you in 

charge of a bicycle manufacturing empire. Juggle 
inflation, breahdowns, seasonal sales variations, 
inventory ■A-orhers. prices machines, and ad campaigns to keep your enterprise in the 
black. Bjkejs dangerously addjctii^e Once you start a game you wUl not wan: to stop. To 
allow you to take short resi breaks. Bike lets you store the data from your game on a tape 
so you can continue where you left off next time you wish to play. Worth a million in fun 
we'll offer :3IKE at S9 95. 

4P1.NBALL Dynamic usage of the PET's graphics features 

when combined with the fun of the number 1 arcade 
game equals an acrjon packed video spectacie for 
your computer Bumpers, chutes, flippers, free balls, gales, a jackpot, and a little luck 
guarantee i great game for all. $9 95 

Authors: Our royalties are unbeatable 



./T 



-^r^rCr^rCrCr MUSICAL MADDNESS -iV^VTVtHWr 

add an exciting new dimension to your PET compLiter 

with Soandware's soandsational music box 
and sonicsoand software from Softside Si. Soundware 



SOUND 



t^ THE SOUNDWORKS ^ 

The Sourdivare music box for your PET 
comes complete with controllable volume, 
an earphone jack, a demo tape with two 
programs, an instruction book, and a one 
year warranty, this sturdy unit is enclosed 
in an attractive plastic case. Notes tell 
how to program your oivn sound effects. 
All this during our musicaJ madness for 
just 29.95 

WORD FUN: Speller: fun ways to practice 
spelling ■■ Scramble * Flashcards 9.95 



T^r MUSICAL SOFTWARE 1^ 

ACTION PACK: Breakthru * Target + 
Catterpillar: non stop graphic action 9.95 
PINBALL: a video action spectacle with 
real time flippers, chutes gates, bumpers. 

tags etc 9.95 

CLASSICS: Checkers * Backgammon 
Board '■Piano Player, checkers vs. com- 
puter or friend. Piano plays Minute Waltz 

MUSIC MANIA: Try to repeat a. growing 
sequence of tones. With graphics. Chal- 
lenge to the best ear 9.95 



^v 



SYM 



PET 



KIM • O"® magazine publishes • APPLE 
more information about 
6502 based systems, 
products and programs 
than all of the others 

AIM • combined: • OSl 

P.O. Box 6502 
Chelmsford, MA 01824 

Are you tired of searching through 
computer magazines to find articles that 
relate to your 6502 system? MICRO 
magazine is devoted exclusively to 6502 
systems. Each month, MICRO publishes 
application notes, hardware and software 
tutorials, interfacing information and 
program descriptions with complete 
source listings. MICRO is not just fun and 
games. It is the complete reference 
source for all 6502 enthusiasts. 

You can order twelve issues of MICRO for $15.00, or for $18.00 
outside trie United States. Air mail subscriptions cost $27,00 in 
Central America, $33.00 in Europe and Soutti America, and 
S39.00 in all other countries. 

MICRO fias been published regularly since October, 1977. 
Articles that appeared in the earlier issues of MICRO may be 
obtained in two bound anthologies, BEST OF MICRO Volume 1 
and the companion collection ALL OF MICRO Volume 2, both 
available at computer stores or from the magazine. 



Si 



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PET Word Processor 




This program permits composing and printing letters, 
flyers, advertisements, manuscripts, etc., using the 
COMMODORE PET and a printer. 

Printing directives include line length, line spacing, 
left margin, centering and skip. Edit commands allow/ 
you to insert lines, delete lines, move lines and 
paragraphs, change strings, save files onto and load 
files from cassette (can be modified fordisl^), move up, 
move dow/n, print and type. 

Added features for the 16/32K version include string 
search for editing, (keyboard entry during printing for 
letter salutations, justification, multiple printing and 
more. 

A thirty page instruction manual is included. 

The CmC Word Processor Program for the 8K PET is 
$29.50. The 16/32K version is $39.50. 

Order direct or contact your local computer store. 

A VISA AND M/C ACCEPTED — SEND ACCOUNT NUMBER. EXPIRATION DATE AND SIGN ORDER. 
n ADD SI PER ORDER FOR SHIPPING A HANDLING — FOREIGN ORDERS ADD 10% FOR AIR POSTAGE 



CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER, Inc. 

ISO POCONO ROAD 

BROOKFIELD, CONNECTICUT 08804 

TEL: (203) 775-9659 TWX: 710-456-0052 



'•i-!-s.'^'-; ' i-;MV>«^>tufcgijM«i-tM«jg«vr^gsjvej-;u>i/ 



SYM ■ 1 Baudot TTY Interface 



Do not let the title fool you! This article has a lot more 
than just TTY stuff. Some of the techniques presented 
can be applied in many other situations. 



Richard A. Leary 
1363 Nathan Hale Drive 
Phoenixville, PA 19460 



) 



One major shortcoming of the KIM is 
the inability to change the I/O routines 
without duplicating large parts of the 
monitor. In designing the SYM-1, 
Synertek nicely handled that shortcom- 
ing by vectoring all I/O calls through 
jumps located in SYSTEM RAM. Since 
those jumps are alterable by the user, 
almost any I/O device handler could be 
written and used with no effect on the 
rest of the monitor. That fact, coupled 
with the low cost of the Baudot 
Teletypes such as the Model 15 led me 
to develope SYM-1 I/O handlers for a 60 
word per minute Model 15. Since the 
SYM-1 allows additional ROMs to be ad- 
ded to the board I placed these routines 
in an INTEL 2716 EPROM, along with 
some other system software. More on 
that later. 

BAUDOT TTY 

First, some background on Baudot 
Teletypes: A Baudot teletype uses only 5 
data bits (unlike the 7 used by the ASCII 
Teletypes such as the Model 33) and 
thus it can only generate at most 32 uni- 
que code combinations. In order to ex- 
pand that character set, two of the 
codes have been assigned special car- 
riage shift functions much as it is done 
in a conventional typewriter. These two 
codes are called letters (LTRS) and 
figures (FIGS) and refer to the "lower- 
case" and "uppercase" character sets. 
Unlike a conventional typewriter, it a 
Baudot teletype is sent a LTRS code it 
stays in that mode until a FIGS code is 
sent. As a result of this shift method of 
operation, each key, except for some 
special ones, can send two different 
characters to another Model 15 TTY 
depending on the last shift sent. The 
receiver must of course remember what 
the last shift sent was, and print each 
succeeding key accordingly. While the 
Teletype does that remembering 
mechanically, it is obvious that a com- 
puter could easily do it electronically. 
That principle is the keystone of my soft- 
ware approach. 



I mentioned that some keys or codes 
are assigned unique meanings 
regardless of whether a LTRS or FIGS 
code was the last code sent oi' received. 
In most Model 15 Teletypes those 
special keys are: 

LTRS, FIGS, CAR RET (RETURN) 
LINE FEED, SPACE, NULL (BLANK) 

the net effect Is that of the 32 code com- 
binations, 26 have dual meanings. As a 
result, 2x26-1-4 = 56 unique characters 
can be printed on most Model 15 
Teletypes. Note that I did not include 
LTRS and FIGS in the abovei total, as 
they are not really characters. 

It should be obvious that with only 56 
unique characters possible a 64, 96, or 
128 character ASCII set cannot be 
directly generated or printed by a 
Baudot Teletype. The approach I used is 
an indirect approach which, much like 
the LTRS and FIGS codes, uses a se- 
quence of codes to represent a 
character. 

Hardware 

A few points about Baudot Teletypes 
are appropriate before we begin. First, 
the electrical characteristics oi a Model 
15 are a bit different from those of a 
Model 33 ASCII Teletype. Rather than a 
20mA current loop, a Model 15 usually 
has a 60mA current loop. Even more im- 
portantly, the supply voltage specified 
for that loop supply is usually 150v or 
more. Making a direct interface to the 
SYM-1 at those voltage anc current 
levels would be disastrous. The answer 
to that problem is to use the conven- 
tional 20mA interface of the SYM-1, but 
to couple it to the Model 15 through 
opto-isolators. The opto-isolators will 
protect the SYM-1 and allow easy con- 
version of the signals to the Model 15 
voltage in that the SYM-1 signal ground 
can remain isolated from the Model 15 
ground. Since Model 15s are notoriously 
electronically noisy, the benefit of that 
isolation is that the probability of noise 



problems In the SYM-1 is sharply reduc- 
ed. 

The schematic of the interface I used 
and the power supply I built are shown in 
Figures 1 and 2. The only critical com- 
ponents in the interface are the selector 
magnet driver transistor and the zener 
diode. The voltage rating of the tran- 
sistor must be high enough to withstand 
the open circuit loop supply voltage. The 
zener across that transistor must be 
similarily rated, as its function is to 
damp the magnet induced voltage 
spikes (positive and negative) and thus 
protect the driver transistor. The 
transformer in the power supply is not 
critical as long as it can supply 60mA 
continuously. This is a good opportunity 
to use one of the old "tube-type" power 
supply transformers that you probably 
have in you junk box. 

The total resistance value of the 
series dropping resistors in the power 
supply may have to be altered if the open 
circuit voltage of your supply is higher 
than the approximately 190v put out by 
my supply. Once the supply is built, the 
variable resistor is adjusted to give a 
60mA loop current when in the local 
mode and when no key is depressed. 

Second, not all Model 15s are the 
same. There is a wide variety in code vs 
character terms, as well as in speed. At 
least three different speed Model 15s ex- 
ist. For example, my machine was at one 
time a "weather" Teletype and had a 
special character set tor most of the 
FIGS shift positions. I converted most of 
those keys and type elements to the 
"standard" communications set. I did 
leave in some characters which are not 
standard, and hence a few characters 
which I can print will have to be changed 
for a standard machine. Those 
characters are: 

'f - on standard 

-I- " on standard 
Null on standard 
The software changes required to ac- 
comodate the standard code are minor. 



November, 1979 



MICRO ~ The 6502 Journal 



18:49 



Finally, the Baudot machines have a 
few good and bad overall points which 
each user must consider before taking 
the plunge. They are: 

a. Cheap: $50 -$100 or less should 
get you a good Model 15. Insist 
on a synchronous motor rather 
than a governor regulated 
motor, 

b . Slow: 60 wpm translates to 45 
Baud (6 char/sec) which is a lit- 
tle bit faster than one half the 
speed of a Model 33. The effec- 
tive speed is even slower due to 
the necessity to send LTRS and 
FIGS shifts on an irregular 
basis. 

c . Reliable: The Model 15 Is pro- 
bably 70% steel and 20% cast 
iron with a smattering of 
nonferrous materials. It just 
does not break if kept 
lubricated. (Remember— the 
Model 15 was the mainstay of 
the 24 hour per day news wire 
services.) 

d . Heavy: All that iron! 

e . Smelly: All that lubricant! 

f . Repairable: If it does break, 
parts are available and the 
manuals are complete and ex- 
plicit. I buy my parts from a 
company called Typetronics, 
Box8873, Fort Lauderdale, FL 
33310. Prices are very 
reasonable and the response is 
nearly instantaneous. 



NOTES: 

1. Resistors %w,5% 

2. Open circles with 
numbers are TTY in- 
ternal terminals. 



POWER 



3A 
SLO-BLO 



Figure 1: Interface Logic 




A-U <} 



A-R <!■ 



A-T <} 





The most difficult part of the hardware 
interface has already been described. 
Once the interface hardware is built it is 
connected to the standard current loop 
I/O pins on the SYM-1. The only SYM-1 
hardware change required Is a jumper 
change if you place the interface soft- 
ware in an EPROM and mount it on the 
SYM-1 as I did. Any of the empty ROM 
sockets can be used. Which one you use 
will depend upon whether you may have 
already installed the BASIC ROMs, the 
EDITOR/ASSEMBLER ROM, or some 
other device. I placed my 2716 in Socket 
U21 and since I had set the starling ad- 
dress of the software to $9000, I remov- 
ed two jumpers and added a new one to 
enable U21 for $9000 to $97FF. 
Regardless of what you do, the SYM 
manual gives a complete description of 
the jumpers and how to set them for 
various ROM-Address combinations. 



Figure 2: Power Supply 



HEP 
Z0445 
200V 



2N390 I • • 



HEP 
S3021 




MlmA 



12 46LOOP 
-O SUPPLY 



LOCAL 



500MF 
15V 



NOTE: 

1. Signal and power 

ground isolated 

Software 

Given the character set limitations of 
the Model 15, the first software design 
requirement I had to address was how to 
represent the full ASCII character set 
when printing, and how to generate that 
set when using the keyboard. Let's look 
at the output case first. 

The first decision was to convert all 
lower case alphabetic characters (a to z) 
to upper case. As the software will later 
show, that is a simple step. Moreover 
that approach does not create large pro- 
blems in application, since the need for 
lower case alphabetic characters is 
limited unless one is doing word pro- 
cessing. If that is the case I doubt that 
the Model 15 is the answer in any case. 

The second decision was to print 
those characters not normally printable 
by a Baudot Teletype as a four character 
sequence, beginning and ending with a 
period. For example, an equal sign ($3D) 
would be printed as the sequence .EQ.. 
In addition, of the 32 control codes 
which the ASCII can represent, I decided 
to recognize only RETURN, LINEFEED, 
BELL, and NULL. All others are ignored. 

The decision as to how to generate 
the codes from the keyboard was a bit 
trickier. The approach selected was to 
use BELL as an escape character. This 
simply means that once the character is 
entered, the following entry or entries 
are handled in a special way until certain 
conditions are met. While any key could 
be used, BELL has the advantage of be- 
ing seldom used as an input character 
and thus its use as an escape character 
is not a big loss. As will be seen later, it 
is not a loss at all as I can still generate 
a BELL as an ASCII character. 

In the software which I created, the se- 
quence following the escape character 
is only one or two key strokes in length. 
In fact it is only two when a LTRS must 
be entered between the BELL and the 
operative key. To better understand how 
this works, consider the following two 
examples which show both an escape 
sequence using a key, and the normal 
mode for that key: 



USER TVPES 



BELL 



H 

FIGS 

BELL 

LTRS 

fl 



ASCII OUTPLIT TO SUPERNOH 



none 






= '-$2 


>C' .• 


1 


: ■:;*: 


:.H. 


;i 


fl '::*4i: 


;i 


riOTie 






Tior'ie 






r"ione 






SOH ■: 


:ti 


31) 



As the examples show, the BELL— (char) 
sequence generates the special 
character while the character by Itself 
generates that character. The complete 
table of both input and output character 
translations is contained in the follow- 
ing table. LTRS and FIGS shifts are ob- 
viously required for some of the se- 
quences shown, but have been omitted 
for brevity. Note that while lower case 
alphabetic characters cannot now be 
generated, it would be easy to add a dou- 
ble escape feature In order to do that. 





TRHNSLaTIOH 


Tf-iBLE 




FiSCII 


IrlPUT 


OUTPUT 


HULL 


MULL 




;4ULL 


SOH 


BELL 


H 




st;< 


BELL 


d 




ETX 


B£l;_ 


r 




EOT 


SELL 


l' 




ENQ 


BELL 


E 




PICK 


BELL 


F 




BEL 


BELL 


G 


BELL 


BS 


BELL 


H 




HT 


BELL 


I 




LF 


LINEFEE.:-' 


LINEFEED 


MT 


BELL 


K 




FF 


BELL 


L 




CR 


CFiR RET 


CFiR RET 


SO 


BELL 


H 




SI 


BEl-L 


n 




DLE 


BELL 


P 




DCl 


BELL 


';! 




DC2 


BELL 


R 




DC:3 


BELL 


q 




DC4 


BELL 


T 




Nmk 


BELL 


U 




SVH 


BELL 


1.,! 




ETB 


BELL 


I..I 




CAN 


BELL 


y. 




EN 


BELL 


\.' 




SUE 


BELL 


7 




ESC 


BELL 


BELL 




FS 


BELL 


1 




GS 


BELL 


2 




RS 


BELL 


3 




US 


BELL 


4 




SPACE 

1 


SPRCE 


SPACE 




BELL 




.QT. 


# 


# 




# 


* 


t 




■t 


y. 


BELL 




.PC. 





1 

2 



BELL r 
+ 



. flS. 



8 


8 




S 


9 


■3 




■? 


s 


i 






< 


BELL 


- 


.LT. 


= 


BELL 


: 


.EQ. 


> 


BELL 


+ 


.GT. 


7 


-y 






« 


BELL 


& 


.RT. 


R to Z 


fl to 


Z 


fl to 


C 


BELL 


i 


.LB. 


V 


BELL 


i 


.BS. 


] 


BELL 


) 


.RB. 


t 


t 








BELL 


SPRCE 


.UN. 


> 


BELL 


$ 


.RG. 


a to z 






fl to 


C 


BELL 


, 


.LP. 


1 


BELL 


! 


.US. 


> 


BELL 


t 


.RP. 


'V 


BELL 


# 


.TL. 


Dt:L 


BELL 


NULL 


.DL. 



Software Implementation 

I wish that I could report that the soft- 
ware Is very compact and that It uses a 
great deal of the SUPERMON routines. 
While the software is not large, at about 
1/2K it is not small. On the other hand, 
the only SUPERMON routines I use are: 

SAVER @ $8188 

RESXAF @ $81 B8 

RESALL @ $81 C4 

DLYH @ $8AE9 



Also, I use the following RAM and 
SYSTEM I/O locations: 

CHAR @$59 used like SUPERMON 
does, 

TTYMDE @ $100 curremt shift 
position, 

PBOA @ $A402 I/O port, 

PBDAh- 1 I/O port direction reslster, 

SDBYT @ $A651 timing constant. 
As the complete listings Indicate, the 
two top level routines for input and out- 
put are ASCIN and ASCOUT respective- 



ly. Each of these routines calls other 
routines to do the actual input with the 
Teletype. The functions of each routine 
and Its general characteristics are sum- 
marized in the following chart. 



November, 1979 



MICRO ~ The 6502 Jotirnal 



18:51 



ROUTINE 


FUNCTION 


Ih-IPIJT 


OUTPUT 


ALTERS 


CALLS 


flSCIN 


aet- input for- 


none 


FiSCII 


R.. F 


SRUER 




full char set 




char- m 




CHRIH 




usiTia escape 




R 




f;:es;-;rf 




se=iuerice 










RSC:01JT 


print- SF-ecial 


RSCII 


none 


ncif-ie 


Sfl'..'EF; 




•Ee=ii.4erice=- or 


char- i n 






i:;i-^RnlJT 




direct char 


R 






RESRLL 




to CHRUUT for- 








RLTOUT 




output 










CHRIN 


Set Key.' echo 


i::ttv 


ASCII 


R.. F 


SRUER 




and coni-.'er t 


Key) 


char in 


TT'.-'MDE 


HHLF 





to RSCII 




R 


CWRR 


F-ULL 
"T'v'OUT 


CHROUT 


convert RSCII 


ASCII 


none 


TT'-.-'MDE 


SRi-ER 




char- to Bai-Jdot. 


ch-Br i r"i 






TT'.-'OUT 




and handle 


R 






RESflLL 




mode chan:3e-=- 










TTVOUT 


output Baudot- 


E-audot 


i::ttv 


PBDR 


FULL 




char 


c-h-ar i n 
ft 


typ-e ::■ 


PBDH+1 
H..F..J^; 












'-,-'.. TTVMDE 


HRLF 


de 1 ay 11 ras- 


none 


none 


t---i 


IjLVH 


FULL 


delay 22rfr=. 
Conclusion 


none 

Diea. 


none 
se feel fre 


e to contact n 


DL'-/H 
ie. And if 



I fiope that you find tfiis package 
useful. If any questions need answering, 



anyone would like the code translations 
changed I would be glad to reassemble 
the software and provide the revised pro- 



Note that SDBYT must be set to $2D 
before using these routines as that 
parameter is used by DLYH as a timing 
constant. For teletypes running at 
higher speeds, either the value of SDBYT 
or the loop values used in HALF and 
FULL should be reduced. If your 
machine is running slightly faster or 
slower than mine the input or output 
may not be completely reliable. If that is 
the case, adjust SDBYT up or down as 
appropriate, until all functions work er- 
ror free. 

In my system the first routine in soft- 
ware is used to set SDBYT and alter IN- 
VEC and OUTVEC to point to the Baudot 
routines. That is not absolutely 
necessary, but does make the start-up 
process somewhat easier. All I have to 
do is enter G9000 CR on the SYM-1 
keyboard and the Baudot I/O package is 
up and running. 

One point of emphasis— as written, 
this software includes an internal echo 
for each input. The input sequence is 
echoed literally. This means that if an 
escape sequence of BELL / is entered, 
what is echoed is precisely that and not 
the .PC. which would be output if the 
SYM output a %. It would of course be 
possible to change that approach. A 
translated echo would be a bit slower 
since each escape sequence would be 
echoed as six or seven characters due to 
the .XX. sequence and the necessary 
shifts. 

gram in listing form for the cost of the 
materials and postage. Good Luck. 



00013 










9000 


20:36SB 


BEGI.M 


.TS,':: 


HCCESS 




,j-^_^.,._f_ ,^ 


00130 


;-5VM-l 


BHUDOT 


TTV I-O 


PhCI<:.FiGE 


300.3 


fl?::!' 




LC'fl 


#-*2i;' 




char,.-ja ■'. i.-r 


0000 










9005 


305 1H6 




STR 


SDB'v'T 




.L/-i S-_-l^ -li"--; -- 


0000 
0000 


;Fi>;ed 


P=ir.arriet 


■*Ti 




9003 


fl9:35 




LDR 


ttflSCOCT 


ijt 


Jjjc. F,:,i,,T 










900hl 


SD64H6 




STFl 


OUJiJEL 1- 




t-_ ^- '-. 


0000 


HULL 


=0 






9000 


fl990 




LDR 


#li:3CijiJT 


2'=;,. 


ry; :^ 


0000 


FIGMDE 


=0 






900F 


8D'i5Fl6 




STfl 


OUTi.iECt-. 




, .-„ ,; 1, 


0000 


BELL 


=7 






9012 


FI910 




Lon 


*t!=iic;:i-f: 


ji--. - 


1'56 r, -.,-, , 1- 


0000 


ESC 


=-*lB 






9014 


8Dilfl6 




STi-i 


IMi.iEC H 




L, ir- .f- 


0000 


FIGS 


=-*lB 






9017 


R990 




LDm 


#RSCIM. . 


^„ 


":'•.: ;:■"■- 


0000 


LTRS 


=-*lF 






9019 


SD62fl6 




STFl 


PJi.CC-H 




-■.'"- 1 


0000 


SPACE 


=-*20 






9010 


60 




Rf'S 






t.,-a;-i r-af'-ii 


0000 


LTRMDE 


=-*20 






901 D 














0000 
0000 


DELETE 


=-*7F 






90 ID 




;RSCi I 


Ir,F-. 


it- 






' 








901D 




; ij-;ea 


BELL -a-; a=-caFS- 


iharacta'- t. 


0060 


;S-d = tem RAM \M 


=. .1 arifNen t 


= 


9eiD 




; -Sent- 


-aC-a 


f I.I 11 flSC 


:II 


iha,- =-;.'.a! ± 


0000 


i 








90 ID 




; e;;ce 


= t f- 


'r- lo'...!ai- 


':a = 


a a i F F,-^ „ 


0000 


CHRBLIF 


=«F-3 




character- bi.iffer- 


9010 














0000 


TT'.'r-tOE 


=-*100 




J-T'i-' ah if I mode 


90 ID 


2SS881 


HSCIH 


JSR 


Sfli-.iEP 




^.9.....=. r-aiil 1 Hi 


0000 


SDE:',-'T 


=*fl.;51 




tli-|-iiriJ coriatafit 


9020 


2eEB9e 




-JSP 


CHPIH 




:ae-f. r|-iar 


0000 


IfJUEC 


=*H66U 




inPLjL ji.jiiiF '.,'eci.cif 


9023 


C'iO? 




CMP 


#eELL 




If net BCL 


0000 


OUTUEC 


=«Rt't.3 




C".4-i-. F i.jt -juiiiF '..sector 


9023 


DeiB 




BHE 


E;--:TfiIN 




thai-; . a*. -;r 


0000 


; 








9027 


2eEB90 


ESCAPE 


JSR: 


CHRIt-l 




aet iiacj-d 


0000 


;SiJPERr 


CM RoLi- 


1 Pie i 




902fi 


C?i07 




CMP 


#BELL 




If -lot rCL 


0000 


; 








902C 


0604 




BNE 


NOTESC 




ti-iah ji.^f.-.F 


0000 


SRi.iER 


=*:ilS:3 




reJla;..ar aav'.^ 


902E 


ff51B 




LDfl 


#ESC 




aet ESC c- 


0000 


RESKHF 


=*sies 




reatoi-e ta:--;ceFt HUP 


9030 


0010 




BUE 


EXTRIN 




ariid rat-i,4r-n 


0000 


RESflLL 


=-*SHC4 




riii,-1..jr iEf re3i=tart 


9032 


C?i00 


HOTESC 


CMP 


#NULL 




if not ML 


0000 


DLVH 


=*-3hE'? 




de 1 a-j 


9034 


0004 




BNE 


MOTDEL 




tr.ari ji.ir.iF 


0000 


FiCCESS 


=*;3BSC 




ur, "Ft ot i-jat.a,.i Rfirl 


9036 


fl=i7F 




LOR 


#DELETE 




elaa ^aat [■ 


0000 


i 








9038 


DCI0S 




Bt-C 


EXTfllN 




arid rat'.jrr, 


0000 


--I--0 Ds 


■.'ICc-i 






903H 


c-;;2e 


HOTDEL 


CMP 


SPfiCE 




If la== th 


0000 


; 








903C 


9t)E9 




BCC 


ESCAPE 




tr-J aaair. 


0000 


PEDfl 


=«ii4Ci.: 




irV FCii-t. 


9e3E 


fiFi 




TRK 






ri'io'.'a char 


0000 


i 








9yji- 


604590 




LDfl 


flscii,:-: 




and aat t,- 


0000 


;I.O UE 


CTOR i; 


iTir-iLl^fl 


TlJh 


9042 


4CB3S1 


EKTRIN 


JMP 


RESXflF 




r ۥ-= tor a an 


0000 


; 








904-5 


5F- 


RSCII 


. BY 


IE *5F ,. X~ 


"C -. t 


.*7E,*t-e.-Q.. 


'i^000 


■f 


=^-?00Cl 






9046 


Tt: 













oda 



18:52 



MICRO — The 6502 Journal 



November, 1979 



ga^ ,- 


ytJ 


9043 


7E 


964=' 


60 


904R 


00 


9046 


40 


904C 


22 


904D 


5E: 


904E 


5D 


904F 


00 


9050 


3E 


9051 


7D 


9052 


3C 


9053 


7B 


9954 


25 


9055 


00 


9056 


IC 


905" 


ID 


9058 


IE 


9059 


IF 


905fl 


00 


905B 


00 


905C 


00 


905D 


00 


905E 


00 


905F 


3D 


9060 


5C 


9061 


00 


9062 


00 


9063 


00 


9064 


00 


9065 


00 


9066 


01 


9067 


02 


9063 


03 


9069 


04 


9e6.R 


05 


906E: 


06 


906C 


07 


906D 


03 


906E 


09 


906F 


0fl 


9079 


0B 


9071 


ec 


9072 


0D 


9073 


0E 


9074 


0F 


9075 


13 


9076 


11 


9077 


12 


9073 


13 


9079 


14 


9a7H 


15 


9VJ7B 


16 
17 
IS 


907C 
907D 


9e7E 


19 


907F- 


IH 


9030 


00 


903 1 


Otl 


9082 


00 


9033 


2fl 


90;34 


00 



J 



9yo5 
9035 
90S5 
9035 
9035 
9085 
908S 
903fl 
903C 
90SF 
9091 
9093 
9094 
9096- 
9097 
9099 
909B 
909t' 
90R0 
90R1 
90fl4 
9007 
90RS 
90flfl 
90flD 
9060 
90B3 



201= 



51 



H230 

DDB390 

FQvjH 

fl003 

Cfl 

33 IH 

S3 

D0FR 

FQFl 

fl002 

20E6.90 

ES 

606390 

204F91 

D0F6 
20Efc90 
4CC4S1 
4C5491 



. BYTE *5B.. *5D-. 3-. *3E . *7D, *3 



. BVTE Z, -flC, *1D.. *1E. *1F.. 0, 0, a 



. BVTE . 0.. *3D.. *5l:.- U.. 0.. 0.. 



.BVTE 0, 1,2. 3,4, 



.B'r'TE S, 



, *R,*6, *C, *D,*E, -fF 



. BVTE *ie, *1 1 , *12, «13, *14, *15, tl6, *17 



-B'.TL *l:: 



F^CII OutFut. 

Out F'.li £ .-Sr..^f ic- 

Fr-i-it^d t.y Sr.LiL 



fi 



:Jj. jtt 
ded t-: 



- .: !-,.=,- act 
IHFGUT i- 



J3R SiiiJCfi: ;..a', 

HUD #J,'F .„.ai.; 

LC•;^'#Li^TS^-rH_LTIt23' 



TSTCHF: CMP MIJLTI,:- 

BEQ 0IJT3T-: 

LC'',' #3 

MupnTR C'E:-: 

EMI NTFMC' 
DE',' 

BHE MiJF'NTF: 

EEC! TSTCHF 

OUTSTR LD'.' #2 

JSR PRDClUT 

h;<tijut im;, 

ldh multi,:^ 

JSR CHROLiT 
DE',' 

BNE h;<tout 

JSR FRCjOUT 

JMP RESRLL 

HTFND JMP RLTOUT 

MULTI .BVTE '"QT 



t e £ 



if ,i,jt._n 

■- Oijnt. ijoiii 
^.jriCil i i ..' 
tl-ii-r, A-j t 

H.end Fir i 

and d.;t. c 
ar,d i=nd 
looF .jnt 1 



ai 1 



+.:- 



TF t.^.^r n 



9064 


51 










9065 


54 










90B6 


25 




. B',-' 


TE --VPC 




9ete7 


50 










9063 


43 










90B9 


2R 




. BV 


TE -^RS 




99efl 


41 










90BE 


53 










9060 


3r: 




. BV 


TE -^LT 




9eBD 


4i::: 










906E 


54 










90BF 


3D 




.B',' 


TE ■■=EQ- 




90CQ 


45 










90C1 


5:. 










90C2 


3E 




. B'l' 


TE -)GT- 




90C3 


47 










90C4 


54 










9005 


40 




.B'i'TE -('FIT 




90C:6 


41 










90C7 


54 










9003 


5B 




. BV 


TE -CLS 




90C9 


4C: 










90CR 


42 










90CB 


5r: 




. BV 


TE --BS- 




90CC 


42 










9eCD 


53 










90CE 


50 




.BVTE -]RB- 




90CF 


52 










9000 


42 










9001 


5F 




.BVTE --UH' 




90D2 


55 










9003 


4E 










9004 


60 




.BVTE ' 'RG 




90C>5 


41 










9006 


47 










9007 


7B 




.BVTE -t'LP- 




9003 


4C 










9009 


50 










90OR 


7C 




.B'r'TE ■ ;i.i3- 




9006 


56 










90OC 


53 










9000 


7D 




.BVTE -."IRP- 




90OE 


52 










90OF 


50 










9ee0 


TE 




.BVTE ■TL' 




9eei 


54 










90E2 


4C 










90E3 


7F 


LSTSQ 


.BVTE DELETE 




90L4 


44 




.BVTE 'DL- 




gees 


4C 










90E6 












90E6 




;Out.-Fut Period 




90E6 












9ee6 


fl92E 


PRDOUT 


LDfl 


# . 


Jet Ftrijd 


90E3 


4C4F91 




Jt-tP 


CHROLIT 


ac do it 


90eB 




i 








9eeB 




; Char a 


:t.F-r 


Input. 




90EB 




; Get-s 


IhF 


jt. from ERUD 


jT t'.eab.jai d 


9eee 




; and 


;or-i'jert.;. t..C( RSCI 


I and F.:i-,c,; 


9eeB 




; char 


act* 






90EB 




J 








90EB 


203381 


CHRIH 


JSR 


SRiJER 


Ea','e re:3i stef i 


90EE 


0900 


flC3HlN 


LDH 


#t)ULL 


clF-ar buffFi- 


ytfro 


3SF9 




STfi 


CHF;EUF 


in RRM 


90F2 


2C02H4 


LOOK.. 


BIT 


PBOfl 


t..F-E.t. f.-_il =.i..ar-t. 


90F5 


50FB 




BUC: 


Loot.. 


if not. IcoF 


90F7 


200292 




JSR 


HRLF 


els.-s wait ,^ialf 


yk»-fl 


2C02R4 




BIT 


PBDfl 


and t..e = t a=lair 


90FD 


50F3 




BUG 


Lijut; 


if fali.F- E.ta-.L 


90FF 


0007 




LDV 


#7 


Jet. se'-'en bit; 


9101 


200692 


NXTIH 


JSR 


FULL 


wa 1 1 b i t.- + 1 -,u^ 


9104 


2C02fl4 




BIT 


PBDR 


t.^Ft, iriFut 


9107 


18 




CLC 




S 1 f n.:. 0'.,f 1 .1 


9103 


5001 




B'.iC 


SRtiE 


Fa^..'e if Ci 


9101=1 


33 




SEC 




el=-F. i£ i 


910B 


66F9 


SfiUE 


ROR 


CHRBUF 


E.hift. i,-,t.';. Luf 


9100 


33 




OEV 




COI-JFiC dCii...iri 


910E 


D0F1 




BHE 


NKTIM 


lOOF if ;jiOi-F 


9110 


FI5F9 




LDR 


CHRBUF 


3s.t chai- 


9112 


4fl 




LSR 


R 


•and finish Fhi 


9113 


49FF 




EOR 


#tFF 


ccifiiF lefiierit 


9115 


291F 




flHD 


t!*lF 


Jet 5 da*, a di'. 


9117 


43 




PHR 




E.a'.'-a c.Fia> 


9118 


2ldt091 




JSR 


TTVniJT 


then ec!-,o 


9118 


63 




PLR 




restore chai 


911C 


C91F 




cr-ip 


#LTRS 


if not LTRS 


911E 


D00S 




BHE 


NOTLTR 


then juruF 


9120 


0920 




L[:'fi 


#LTPMC:€ 


Jet LTRS iii.jde 


9122 


800001 


SETMOE 


STR 


TTVMDE 


and Eet n,.;..de 


9125 


4CEE90 




JMP 


RGR I H 


then try a^ai- 


9123 


C91B 


NOTLTR 


CMP 


#FIGS 


if not FI2.- 


912fl 


0094 




BHE 


HOTFIG 


t-hen ._iur„F 



November, 1979 



MICRO — The 6502 Journal 



18:53 



912C fi^ee 


LDR 


#FIGMDE 


3et FIGS mode code. 


912E F0F2 


BEQ 


SETMDE 


and set 


9130 13 NOTFIG CLC 




clear carry 


9131 SDQeei 


RDC 


TT'v'MDE 


conuert to table- 


9134 35F9 TRVOTH STH 


CHRBUF 


and sa'...'e- 


9136 fl25F 


UjK 


#■55 


number char - 1 


913S BDSe91 ; 


ERRCH LDR 


BRUC'OT ■ 


; aet tab 1 e entr-j 


913B 293F 


RND 


«*3F 


look at mode+data 


91 3D C5F9 


CMP 


CHRBUF 


if saffte a=. buffer 


91 3F Feen 


BEQ 


FOUND 


then found 


9141 Cfi 


de;<: 




el^e count down 


9142 10F4 


BPL 


SEhRCH 


and looF until all te 


9144 fl5F9 


LDR 


CHRBUF 


aet char 


9146 4920 


EOR 


«LTRMDE 


coriip 1 efiient riiode 


9 143 4C3491 


JMP 


TRVOTH 


and try aaain 


914B 31=1 FOUND TXfl 




rno'-'e RSC II to R 


914C 4CB:381 


JMP 


RESKRF 


and return 


91 4F 








914F 


Output Sinale RSC 


1 1 Char actei- 


914F 


Con'., arts 


to BRUC 


jT and har.ijle=. 


914F 


; riiode changes a= 


re=)uired- 


914F 








914F 20SSS1 C 


JHROUT JSR 


SRUER 


i.a'...'"a reai=.ter = 


9152 297F 


RHD 


#*7F 


riia=.t.. out rii=.ti 


9154 C960 ^ 


ILTOUT CMP' 


»*60 


if UFPer ca=.e 


9156 9602 


BCC 


UPRCSE 


=.K ^ F cionv'er t 


9158 29DF 


flUD 


«*DF 


el=.e rna^-.e UFFer 


915R m 1 


IPPCSE TRX 




make char pointer 


9156 eD8091 


LDH 


BRUDOT.. 


X aet BRUDOT 


915E C9S0 


CMP 


»*S0 


If msb=l 


9160 B01B 


BCS 


NOPRNT 


do not Frii-it 


9162 C940 


Cr'tP 


#*40 


if ne..;t bit=0 


9164 9014 


BCC 


NONDE 


no mode ch.ariae 


9166 43 


PHR 




el =.e =.a'.'e char 


9167 2920 


RHD 


#LTRMDE 


look at. mode bit 


9169 CD0e01 


CMP 


TTVMDE 


if iarne 


916C F0eB 


BEQ 


HOCHNG 


then rio c hi.anae 


916E 3D00O1 


STR 


TTVMDE 


el =e =.a'...'e 


9171 4R 


LSR 


R 


move to 


9172 40 


LSR 


fl 


correct 


9173 4fl 


LSR 


fl 


Foiition 


9174 09 le 


ORR 


«FIGS 


con'jert to ci't=ir 


9176 2eE091 


JSR 


TTVOUT 


and send 


9179 63 


CiCHHG PLR 




aet char back 


917n 20EQ91 


JOMDE JSR 


TTVOUT 


send i t 


917D 4CC4SI f 


-lOPRMT JtV 


RESHLL 


and return 


9180 60 BRU 


'01 .E'.TE 


*60.. tFF.. 


*FF , *FF .. tPF . *FF .. *FF . t4 


9181 FF 








9182 FF 








9133 FF 








9134 FF 








9135 FF 








9186 FF 








9137 45 








91SS FF 


. BVTE 


tFF,, *FF.. 


2,*FF,*FF..3..*FF,*FF 


9139 FF 








913n 02 








91SB FF 








913C FF 








91 3D 03 








918E FF 








918F FF 








9190 FF 


. BVTE 


tFF..*FF, 


*FF . *FF . *FF .. *FF , *FF . tPf 


9191 FF 








9192 FF 








9193 FF 








9194 FF 








9195 FF 








9196 FF 








9197 FF 








9193 FF 


. BVTE 


*FF..*FF 


*FF ., *FF . *FF . tPF . *FF .. *F 


9199 FF 








919fl FF 








919B FF 








919C FF 








9190 FF 








919E FF 








919F FF 








91fi0 04 


. BVTE 


4. *4D. «FF , t54.. *49. *FF. *5R. *4e 


9101 40 








9102 FF 








9103 54 








9104 49 








9105 FF 








9106 50 








9107 4B 









9108 4F 

9109 52 
9100 FF 
910B 51 
9 IOC: 4C 
910D 40 
910E 50 
910F 5D 
91B0 56 
91B1 57 
91B2 53 
91B3 41 
91B4 4fl 
91B5 50 
91B6 55 

=.,-j 91B7 47 
91B8 46 
91B9 58 
9160 4E 
91BB 5E 
91BC FF 
91B0 FF 
9ieE FF 
91BF 59 
91C0 FF 
91C1 63 
91C2 79 
91C3 6E 
91C4 69 
91C5 61 
91C6 60 
91C7 TO 
91C3 74 
91C9 66 
91CTI 6B 
91CB 6F 
9 ICC 72 
91CD 7C 
91CE 6C 
91CF 73 

9100 76 

9101 77 

9102 60 

9103 65 
91D4 70 
9105 67 
y 1 Db .'t 
91D7 73 
9 IDS 7D 
91D9 75 
9100 71 
9 IDE FF 
91DC FF 
91DD FF 
91DE 43 
91DF FF 
91E0 
91E0 
91E0 

91E0 0220 
91E2 3EI33R4 
91E5 29 IF 
91E7 0940 
91E9 49'-F 
91EB 33 
91EC 2R 

91 ED 0008 
91EF 4R 
91F0 43 
91F1 0900 
91F3 9002 
91F5 0920 
91F7 3C02R4 
91FH 68 
91FB 2010692 
91FE S£: 
9 IFF D0EE 

9201 60 
9202 
9202 
9202 

9202 o:;0e 

9204 D002 
9206 re: 16 
9208 2C»E98R 
920B 4fi 
920C 65) 
920D CO 
920E D0FS 
9210 6(3 
9211 



. BVTE *4F ■ *52.. *FF.. *51 .. t4C. ■*40 . tt 



. BVTE «56 .. *S7 .. *53 .. *4 1 , *4fi .. *50 .. t^= 



SVTE t46.. *5 



. *4E.. tSE.. *FF .. *FF , *FF . SZS 



. BVTE *FF . *63 .. *79 .. *6E .. *69 .. *6 1 , *6D .. *?fl 



. BVTE *74.. *66 .. *t.e .. *6F .. *72 . *7C .. *6C , *73 



.BVTE S76.tT 



, ten .. *65 .■ *70 .. *67 .. t7E .. t73 



.BVTE *- 



BRUDOT Output 

TT'v'OUT LDK »*20 

ST;^: PBDR+1 

RND «*1F 

ORH #*t.3 

EOR «*FF 

SEC 

RUL fl 

LD',' #8 
NXTEIT LSR fi 

PHR 

LDR #0 

BCC OUT ONE 

ORR #*2ei 
OUTONE STfl PBDfl 

PLR 

JSR FULL 

DEV 

BHE HKTBIT 

RTS 

it Timina Routines 

HALF LDX #11 

BNE T I ML OP 
FULL LDX #22 
TIMLOP JSR DL'v'H 

PHR 

PLR 

DEX 

BNE TIMLOP 

RTS 

. END 



set Fori t... 
OLJtF...it ,i,ode 
look at Jat ^ bit; 
add 2 St OF biL e 
coriiF leriis.rit 
set -Etat I L.iL 
aet resdy 

mo'.'e lib K-j C 
= =,->'i char 






cles 
if no car- r SI .jL.r. 
el=e set bit 
ser.d to Fort 
aet chi.ai- ba.:;, 
del. ay one bit 
then count dowr 
i f mor e tl'ieri 1 .: 
else -luii. 



hia 1 f per 1 od 
ao do It 
full period 
de lad i rtis 
fill 

count doi.-.Ti 
and loop 
unt 1 1 done 



18:54 



MICRO ~ The 6502 Joyrnal 



November, 1979 



The MICRO Software Catalog: XIV 



Mike Rowe 

P.O. Box 6502 

Chelmsford, MA 01824 



Software Catalog Note 

This regular feature of MICRO Is provided both as a service to 
our readers and as a service to the 6502 industry which is work- 
ing hard to develop new and better software products for the 
6502 based system. There is no charg'S for listings in this 
catalog. All that is required is that material for the listing be 
submitted in the listing format. All info should be included. 
We reserve the right to edit and/or reject any submission. 
Some of the submissions are starting to get much too long. 
We might not edit the description the same way you would, so 
please, be brief and specific. 



Name: 


Environment for KIM BASIC 


Name: 


System: 


KIM running Microsoft BASIC 


System: 


Memory: 


1.2K 


Memory: 


Language: 


Machine language 


Language: 


Hardware: 


any KIM that runs BASIC 


Hardwfare: 



Description: This software package provides the follow- 
ing utility programs for use with KIM BASIC: Renumber, 
Range Deletion, Append, Character-Oriented Line 
Editing, Automatic Line Number Prompting, Controlled 
Listings. The package is configured to interface itself 
automatically with any version of 9-digit KIM BASIC 
upon execution. There are no restrictions on length of 
internal references in lines; you can renumber from 
1,2,3, to 63000,63010 and back again. Renumbers 
typical 200 line program in less than 10 seconds. Range 
deletions (i.e. Delete 100-950) take approxomately 5 
seconds per 100 lines deleted. One POKE makes the 
next LOAD an APPEND and then restores regular LOAD 
status. All functions have complete error checks before 
changing your original program and report errors using 
BASIC'S own error messages. Page length can be varied 
during listing or command mode at any point. Edit mode 
allows moving lines in the program or changing one sec- 
tion of a line without retyping the complete commented 
source listing. 



Includes: 
Price: 



Author: 
Available from: 



J 



KIM format tape, source, manual 
$20.00 plus $1 .50 shipping and handl- 
ing. California residents add 6% 
sales tax. 
Sean McKenna 

Sean McKenna 
64 Fairvlew Ave. 
Piedmont, CA 94610 



MEM-EXPLORER 

Commodore PET 

8K or more 

Microsoft PET BASIC with 

machine-language subroutine 

PET 2001-8, 2001-16, or 2001-32 



6502 



Description; MEM-EXPLORER gives the PET owner a 
"window" into his computer, to give an understandable 
view of memory contents— both user (RAM) and Inter- 
preter/OS (ROM). When the program is run, you are ask- 
ed for a starting location. MEM-EXPLORER then 
presents information on 20 bytes of memory, starting 
with the location you specified. In the left column is the 
addrejjs of the byte, while columns to the right hold the 
decimal value of its contents, the character equivalent 
(or BASIC token, if appropriate), and two different two- 
byte values (address, integer). By specifying the area in 
RAM vi/here the BASIC program is stored, you can ac- 
tually see the program "listed" vertically in the 
character column, and tell exactly where every 
character or token is stored. MEM-EXPLORER includes 
routiness that allow it to be combined with your pro- 
grams automatically. 

Copies: Many 

Price: $7.95 (quantity discount available) 

Includes: Cassette in Norelco-style box, 

description, operating instructions, 

and zip-lock protective package. 
Designer: Roy Busdiecker 

Available from: Better computer stores, or directly from 

Micro Software Systems 

P.O. Box 1442 

Woodbridge, VA 22193 



November, 1979 



MICRO — The 6502 Journal 



18:55 



Name: Space Shuttle Landing Simulator 

System: APPLE II 

Memory: 48K 

Language: Assembly and Applesoft II 

Hardware: 6HIRES color APPLE and Applesoft II 

ROM card 

Description: Modeled after tine real Shuttle Mission 
Simulator, this program is a real flight simulator. The 
HIRES screen shows the "out-the-window" view using 
animation, projective geometry, and high speed 
assembly language graphics to display the image of the 
runway, sky, mountain, clouds, etc. In text below the 
screen Is the flight data plus warnings and messages. 
Real flight algorithms are tailored to the Shuttle 
Orbiter's flight characteristics providing realistic stick 
response using the game paddle. Functional features 
are: full stall capability, ejection, landing gear, speed 
brakes, and wheel brakes on roll out. Runway stripes on 
roll out give a speed indication. The instruction manual 
is 10 pages, over 3500 words, and provides a brief in- 
troduction to guiding flight. 



Name: APPLE II Sweet 16 Assembler 

System: APPLE II 

Memory: 16K RAM, Cassette Deck 

Language: Machine and Sweet 16 

Description: This system is a co-resident, two pass 
assembler for Sweet 16, the 16 bit software processor 
resident in the APPLE II Rom. The assembler has full 
cursor editing capabilities identical to those of 
Applesoft, English Language error messages, and line 
length up to 255 characters for extended program 
documentation. Commands are included to read and 
write the text file to tape, display the input format, 
renumber lines, list text file, return to APPLE monitor, 
and to assemble. The assembler supports pseudo OPS 
to determine ASCII strings, define hex strings, label 
location, and define program origin. The assembler lists 
addresses, object code, source code and symbol table. 
Included with the program is full documentation for use 
of the assembler, plus a full description of all Sweet 16 
OP codes andlB bit registers and short programs il- 
lustrating each operation. 



Copies: 


Just Released (20 Aug 79). 


Copies: 


Just Released 


Price: 


$15.00 ppd. New Mexico residents 


Price: 


$15.00 




add 4% sales tax. 


Author: 


Steve Cochard 


Author: 


John Martellaro 


Available from: 




Available from: 






Scientific Software 




Harvey's Space Ship Repair 




P.O. Box 156 




P.O. Box 3478 




Stowe, PA 19464 




University Park 








Las Cruces, NM 88003 










Name: 


AMPER-SORT II 






System: 


APPLE 


Name: 


XMON, an extended monitor for TIM 


Memory: 


32K minimum 


System: 


any version of TIM 


Language: 


Assembler 



Memory: minimum 512 bytes 

Language: 6502 assembly 

Hardware: Mimimum TIM plus 2708 addressing 

and comparitor with 5 discretes; op- 
tional LED and 2 discretes. 

Description: Nine commands from terminal provide: fill 
memory with constant; move, compare memory blocks; 
search for string; go execute with breakpoint and single 
step trace; exit to TIM monitor; load and dump KIM for- 
mat cassette at 4K/min. All functions externally 
callable; suitable for calling by TINY USR function. 
Standard version resides ECOO through EFFF. 



Copies: 
Price: 

Includes: 

Author: 
Available from: 



Just Released 

$28.00 for standard version. Add 

$7.00 for relocation. 

2708 PROM, comparitor and 

discretes, instructions, schematics. 

Phil Lange 

206 Santa Clara Ave. 
Dayton, Ohio 45405 
(513)278-0506 



Description: AMPER-SORT II is an enhanced version of 
the AMPER-SORT routine published in MICRO, number 
14. Two major enhancements improve sort speed and in- 
crease its versatility. The Shell-Metzner algorithm 
reduces sort time and a capability to sort two- 
dimensional character string arrays enables AMPER- 
SORT II to be used easily with programs such as FILE 
CABINET, an Apple Contributed Software Bank pro- 
gram. FILE CABINET with AMPER-SORT II will sort 100 
records of 3 10-byte-average fields in 3 seconds com- 
pared to 7 minutes using the original BASIC sort code. 
AMPER-SORT II will sort integer arrays, floating point 
arrays, and one or two-dimensional string arrays. It also 
features an easy-to-use BASIC interface to pass array 
name and sort parameters. 



Copies: 


Just Released 


Price: 


$15.95. (California residents add 6% 




sales tax) 


Author: 


Alan G. Hill 


Available from: 





PROGRAMMA INTERNATIONAL, Inc. 
3400 Wilshire Blvd. 
Los Angeles, CA 90010 



18:56 



MICRO — The 6502 Journal 



November, 1979 



J 



Bringing IVIusic Home 




"^^^^iud- 



Being a spectator is great 
. . .but why not participate? 



• Sing along 

• Compose 

• Play 

• Learn from Specialists 



LET MICRO MUSIC TURN YbUR APPLE ][ ® INTO A FAMttY MUSIC CENTER! 



VISIT THE APPLE DEALER NEAREST YOU AND ASK FOR A 
DEMONSTRATION OF MMI'S MICRO COMPOSER ™ 
The MICRO COMPOSER LETS YOU— 

• Play up to 4 simultaneous voices 

• See all 4 voices at the same time you're hearing the music — a 
must for music editing! 

• Enter music notes by a fast, simple and well-tested coding 
system. 

• Program the pitch, rhythm, and timbre of the music. Tempo is 
varied by the Apple paddle. 

• Choose 7 different tone colors for each voice or create your 
own tone color. 

• Compose, edit, display, and play music through an interactive, 
command-driven language that's easy to learn. 

• Save your music on disk or cassette. 

• Hear quality music sound at low cost through the MICRO MUSIC 
DAC card. No amplifier needed! Designed for MM! by Hal 
Chamberlin and Micro Technology Unlimited. 

• Select from future MMI music instruction software to accompany 
the MICRO MUSIC DAC. 

Ask your local dealer for information on MMI oroducts, or contact; 



The MICRO COMPOSER is on APPLE II® compatibiie, low-cost 
music system designed by the folks at MMI. Our music software was 
designed by leading experts in music education. A simple step-by- 
step instruction manual leads you through entering, displaying, 
editing, and playing music with up to four voices — soprano, alto, 
tenor, and bass. You can change the sound of each voice to reed, 
brass, string, or organ sounds and you can even color your own music 
sounds! 




HAVE FUNrTHE MICRO COMPOSER comes complete with on instruction manual, 
software di:i or cassette — in either Integer or Applesaft ROM BASIC, and the MICRO 
MUSIC DAC music card. Just plug the MICRO MUSIC DAC into the APPLE extension slot 
and connect the audio coble to a speaker. 

Suggested retail price $220. 





^USiC InC 309 Beaufort, University Plaza, Normal, IL 61 761 



APPLE II IS a trademark of Apple Computer Inc 



One of the most common re- 
quests I receive from our readers is 
tfiat MICRO provide revlevi/s of fiard- 
ware and software products. One of 
the most common types of articles 
MICRO receives is the product 
revievi/. Why then, you may 
reasonably ask, hasn't MICRO 
printed lots of reviews? The answer 
is simple. While some other 
magazines print product reviews as 
filler material, I feel that a product 
review is a very special trust and 
must be handled in special ways. I 
feel that any review printed in 
MICRO should be as accurate, un- 
biased, and complete as possible, 
and that the qualifications and 
potential "conflicts of interest" of 
the author should be known. 

Unsolicited Reviews 

Think for a moment about the un- 
solicited reviews MICRO receives. 
Why did the author write the 
review? Probably for one of two 
reasons: 

He loved the product, or. 

He hated the croduct. 



MICRO Reviewer 

In either case the author is biased. 
An even more serious problem with 
the unsolicited review is that an 
author could have a vested interest 
in a product. He might be a friend of 
the manufacturer of the product, or 
could even be the manufacturer 
himself! Another problem s that 
the coverage of the possible pro- 
ducts is going to be very spotty. 
Since every author is free to choose 
what he is going to review, some 
very good products will be overlook- 
ed, and some bad ones, too. 

A Plan 

I have come up with a plan which 
I feel will permit MICRO to obtain 
the types of reviews it wants and 
which the readers require. Phase 1 
of the plan entails getting a list of 
qualified, unbiased reviewers. This 
panel of reviewers would each fill 
out the attached form and submit it 
to MICRO. Authors would then be 
selected from this group to review 
products. Since the form provides a 
means by which the basic qualifica- 
tions of the authors may be deter- 



^ 



mined, and since the selection 
would be made by MICRO, not the 
individual authors, both the 
qualification and bias problems 
should be solved. 

Reviewer Qualification Form 

Why should you become a reviewer 
for MICRO? I can think of a number 
of good reasons. First, you will get 
a chance to try new products, often 
before they become generally 
available. Second, you will get a 
chance to help fellow computerists 
by providing the detailed informa- 
tion they need to help decide on the 
merits of various products. Third, 
you will have your review published 
under your "byline". Fourth, you 
will be paid by MICRO for the 
review. Fifth, you will normally be 
able to purchase the product you 
reviewed at a substantial discount. 

If you would like to become a 
reviewer for MICRO, please com- 
plete and return the attached form. 



Name: 



MICRO Reviewer Qualification Form 



Address; 

City: State: 

Phone: Days: Evenings: 

List all 6502 Hardware you own or liave 'unlimited' access to: . . 



Zip: 



List Programming languages you are qualified in and can use on your equipment: 



List types of 6502 applications you are interested in: 



List any special equipment which your system uses/supports: 



List ALL companies, stores, etc. with which you have any relationship other than as customer, and ANY 
company, store, etc. whose products you do not feel you should review for any other reason: 



Write a brief biography which may be published with your reviews which gives the reader a summary of 
your interests and qualifications: 



^ 



I declare that the above information is complete and accurate. 

Signed: Date: 

Please complete, using additional pages if necessary, and return to: MICRO, P.O. Box 6502, Chelmsford, MA 01824 



J 



Alarming APPLE 



Paul Irwin 

P.O.B. 1264, Station B 

Ottawa, Ontario KIP 5R3 

Canada 




Here is a way to program you APPLE to respond to 
errors with an alarm and keyboard lockout. 



i 
I 



Instead of using the CTRL-G beep on 
your next program, here's an alarm 
system written to assist in performing 
error recovery on the APPLE il. When the 
alarm system is used, your program will 
react to an error by immediately loclcing 
the l^eyboard, sounding a continuous 
two-tone alarm, and forcing the 
operator's attention to an error recovery 
subroutine. No way will recognizable er- 
rors escape your edits once they meet 
the Alarming APPLE! 

To use the alarm system, start with 
each of your subroutines clearly defined 
as either error detecting or error correc- 
ting. This means that you will classify 
most of your "normal" routines as error 
detecting routines. Arrange to have ail 
of your routines invoiced by a mainline. 
Then the mainline can invoice error cor- 
recting routines, as well, and still remain 
in control. This is illustrated by the pro- 
gram shown here. 

In the BASIC listing, the one error 
detecting routine is called TASK, while 
the error correcting routine is TRAP. The 
mainline is free to decide what to do 
after recovery: whether to continue the 
same error detecting routine or to take 
any other action. An intelligent mainline 
of this sort can avoid, most error 
recovery hassles. 



The l<ey to the error recovery pro- 
cedure is a machine language routine 
called ALARM. It is invoked from BASIC 
by executing a CALL 3529 and from 
machine language by executing a JSR 
$DC9. The alarm routine will then 
generate a two-tone alarm continuously. 
At the end of each cycle, it examines the 
keyboard for a CTRL-C. If none was 
found, it continues sounding the alarm. 
But when a CTRL-C is typed, the sound 
will stop and the routine will return. The 
effect is to produce a continuous sound, 
ignoring any input, until a CTRL-C is 
entered. 

You may have your own ideas as to 
how the alarm should sound. The dura- 
tion of the first tone is in $DA2 and its 
period is in $D9D. The second tone has 
its duration and pitch stored in $DBF 
and $DBA. The two that I employ are 
quite noisy, but you can experiment with 
other parameter pairs. Thojie periods 
that are relatively prime — having no 
common factor — will produce discord. 
They will be loudest when matching the 
APPLE'S speaker resonance. 

When loading the routines, remember 
to set LOMEM greater than $DDO, the 
highest location in the alarm routine, so 
the two won't overwrite each other. The 
BASIC routine shown here will run as it 



appears, and will invoke the machine 
language routine. If you are not bother- 
ing with the BASIC, simply JSR $DC9. 

After you run the Alarming APPLE and 
decide to use it for error recovery in your 
next program, consider these ideas: 

Organize the program into error detec- 
ting routines, one or more error recovery 
routines, and an intelligent mainline. 

Use an error flag in the recovery 
routines to inform the mainline. 

Use a status flag iin the error recovery 
routines to indicate success or failure of 
the recovery procedure to the mainline. 

Let the mainline make all decisions 
regarding what to do next. 

For instance, if you are heavily into 
structured programming, you might con- 
sider a mainline centered on a computed 
GOSUB with the returns of each routine 
setting a status number pointing to the 
next routine. Or you may want to use IPs 
and GOSUBs tofether in the mainline as 
each case is decided. The Important 
thing is to route all control decisions — 
decisions that answer the question: 
"What next?" — through the mainline. 
Including error recovery decisions. In 
fact, especially error recovery decisions. 



November, 1979 



MICRO — The 6502 Jaurnai 



18:59 



BHSIC CALL SEQUENCE 
FOR HLHRM PROMPT ROUTINE 



1 REM 

2 REM 

3 REM . 

4 THSK=3ayti 

le GFF=y : TR5k=28ia : TRftP=3:00 : fiLHRM=2523 

95 REM 

9<S REN MAIN LINE SEQUENCE 

97 REM 

98 REM . 

99 REM . 

lee ERR=UFF: GOSUB TASK: IF ERR THEN GUSUB 

TRRP 
101 REM . 
lui: REM . 
lia GOTO 32767 

120 REM 

121 REN 

122 REN 

20ei INPUT ERR: 
21i3 REM 

211 REM 

212 REM 

213 REM 
220 RETURN 

297 REM 

298 REM 

299 REM 

300 POKE 50..127: PRINT "ERROR" 
: PRINT " TVPE fl CTRL/C" 

310 REN 

320 REM PUT ERROR RECOVERY ROUTINE HERE 

330 REN 

340 RETURN 

Figure 1: Example of a BASIC program Invoking the 
alarm routine in Fig. 2. 3529 is $DC9. 



REM . USE FOR TEST 



PUT ERROR DETECTING TfiSK HERE 
REPLfiCING LINE 200 



POKE 50, 
CALL flLHRN 



eD8i- 


FF 






■??■? 




0D82- 


FF 






"?■?"? 




0083- 


flO 


30 


C0 


LDH 


*C030 


0086- 


88 






DEV 




0087- 


00 


05 




BNE 


S0D8E 


0089- 


CE 


32 


00 


DEC 


*0O82 


woac- 


F0 


09 




BEQ 


*0O97 


aOBE- 


Cfl 






DEX 




0DSF- 


00 


F5 




BNE 


J0OS6 


0D91- 


HE 


81 


00 


LDX 


*0DS1 


0094- 


4C 


33 


00 


JNP 


S0OS3 


0097- 


60 






RT5 




0D98- 


H0 


00 




LDV 


#S00 


0O9H- 


H2 


00 




LDX 


#*00 


yD9C- 


h9 


47 




LOh 


#S47 


0D9E- 


80 


SI 


00 


STR 


J0OS1 


0OPI1- 


H9 


H0 




LDH 


#*fl0 


0Drt3- 


3D 


32 


00 


STH 


*0D82 


0086- 


20 


33 


00 


JSR 


S0OS3 


0Dfl9- 


2C 


00 


C0 


BIT 


JC000 


0OPIC- 


10 


97 




BPL 


*0OB5 


0DPIE- 


HO 


00 


C0 


LDH 


*C000 


eoei- 


2C 


10 


C0 


BIT 


*Cai0 


0DB4- 


60 






RTS 




0085- 


R0 


00 




LDV 


«*00 


0067- 


H2 


00 




LDX 


«*00 


0069- 


H9 


60 




LDH 


#*60 


0DBB- 


SO 


31 


00 


STH 


J0DS1 


0DeE- 


H9 


H0 




LDH 


#*H0 


0OC0- 


SO 


32 


00 


STH 


S0O32 


0DC3- 


20 


S3 


00 


JSR 


*0DS3 


0006- 


4C 


93 


00 


JNP 


J0O98 


0OC9- 


20 


93 


00 


JSR 


J0O9S 


0DCC- 


09 


33 




CNR 


#S83 


0DCE- 


00 


F9 




BNE 


J0OC9 


0DD0- 


60 






RTS 






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Figure 2: Machine language routine to 
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monitor. 



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6502 Bibliography: Part XIV 



William R. Dial 

438 Roslyn Avenue 

Akron, OH 44320 



491. Rainbow 1, Number 4 (April, 1979) 

Minch, David "Review. Electronic Index Card", pi. 
This program by Bob Bishop emulates a card index file 
but the reviewer doesn't thinly it offers substantial ad- 
vantages. 

Editor, "Pascal", p2. 
The editor discusses the Pascal Language soon to be 
available to Apple owners. 

Simpson, Rick "Introduction to Assembly Language Pro- 
gramming" pgs. 4-19. 
A tutorial article on this important subject. 

Watson, Allen "HI-RES Color" pg. 10. 
The relationship between the color subcarrier frequen- 
cy and the color dots; also why there are gaps in ver- 
tical and near vertical vectors in colors other than 
white. 

Minch, David "Firmware Review — Programmer's Aid 
ROM"pgs. 11-12. 

The reviewer feels the ROM is a mixed blessing, of 
limited utility. The Operating Manual is very good. 

492. KB Microcomputing No 30 (June, 1979) 

Lindsay, Len "PET Pouri" pgs. 6-12. 
Discusses a way to protect software, evaluation of 
cassette quality, new hardware and software, 
periodicals with PET information, list protection, Trace 
program, and disabling the STOP key. 

Anon., "Ohio Scientific's Small System Journal"pg.8-11 
Discussion of Microcomputer Information Manage- 
ment systems. 

Van Dyke, James A. "A Sneaky Interrupt for the 6502" 
pg. 97. 
A novel interrupt using the SO input pin. 

493. Creative Computing 5 No 5 (May, 1979) 

Kelley, Derek "Beyond the Text Editor"pgs. 32-33. 
Program that searches for words, etc., on the Apple. 

Hunter, Jim "Peripherals Unlimited Text Editor" p.46. 
Upper and Lower case word processing with the Dan 
Paymar lower case adapter for the Apple and this Text 
Editor. 

Yob, Gregory "Personal Electronic Transactions" 
pgs. 122-127. 

I/O on the PET, Notes on PET Graphics, including 
higher resolution, a list of PET I/O lines. 



494. Personal Computing 3 (June, 1979) 

Zimmermann, Mark "Line Renumbering Renumbered" 

pg-7. 

Modifications to the earlier program published in 
March, for the Apple. 

Zimmermann, Mark " 'G' is for Graphics" pgs. 38-41. 
An educational picture book for the kids on the PET. 

495. Cider Press 2 (May, 1979) 

Anon. "Apple Tape Beeps Translated" pg.3. 
Why the beeps are on the leader and at the end of pro- 
grams. 

Anon. "May DOM" pg. 2. 
The May Disk of the Month has a good mix of pro- 
grams of different categories; games, utilities, 
business, etc. Apple. 

Hertzfeld, Andy "An Easy Way to Use Text Page 2"pg.3. 
Add text to page two graphics using these instructions 
on the Apple. 

Aldrich, Ron "Split Catalog" pg.4. 
Split your catalog print-out on the Apple Disk, printing 
two titles across the page. 

Kamins, Scot and Guarriques, Chris "Mini-Word Pro- 
cessor" pg.4. 

The Cider Squeezer was specifically designed to aid 
Apple users to write short articles. 

Draper, John T. "Textwriter's Creation ' pg.5. 
Discussion of how a word processor evolved. Apple. 

Espinosa, Chris and Wyman, Paul "CALLS, POKES and 
PEEKS" pgs. 6-7. 

A convenient listing of these important routines for the 
Apple. 

Silverman, Ken "Filling your Memory Cells" pg.7. 
An updated listing of the various 16K dynamic RAMs 
now available together with speed designations, etc. 
Eleware of units of 300 NS or even slower speed. 

Nareff, Max J. "Matrix Simulation with the Apple, Part 
III" pgs. 8-9. 
A.nother installment in this continuing series. 



Sullivan, Charles Jr. "Meeting with Sargon" pg.9. 
Chess 4 by the author and the wll known Sargo 
it out on the chess board. Apple. 



November, 1979 



MICRO — The 6502 Journal 



I fight 



18:61 



Anon. "Applibrary" pgs. 10-11. 
The Apple Core Library now lists 274 progranns in 13 
different categories, for the Apple II. 

496. Call -Apple 2 No 4 (Apr./May, 1979) 

Snnith, Ken and Scharen, Rosalie "Analysis of the Great 
Hello Program", pgs. 4-7. 

Analysis of the tricks in this interesting progrann. 
Apple. 

Golding, Val J. "Integral Data IP 225 Printer: A Review" 
pgs. 8-11. 

How to use this printer with the Apple. A Printer Driver 
routine by Darrell and Ron Aldrich is given. 

Aldrich, Ron "Ron's Page" pgs. 12-17. 

Hl-Res Screen Dump Routine, Split Catalog Routine, etc. 

Suitor, Richard F. "Apple Disk Operating System" pg.17 
A discussion including some insights into the details of 
the new Apple Disk DOS 3.2. 

Winston, Alan B. "The Multilingual Apple" pgs 18-19. 
Discussion of languages other than Basic for the Apple: 
PILOT, FORTH, FCL65E, XPLO, Pascal. 

Aldrich, Darrell "Monitor Calls, Cross References and 
Memory Map" pgs 20-23. 

Important calls and addresses based on the authors 
research. 

Aldrich, Darrell "The Apple Doctor" pgs 30-31. 

How to save a shape table along with an Applesoft Pro- 
gram. 

Golding, Val J. "Routine to Center Titles" pg.31. 
A simple integer Basic Utility. 

497. MICRO No 12 (May, 1979) 

Morganstein, David 'Real-Time Games on OSI" pgs 31-33 
How real-time games can be written for Challenger 
systems which use a serial terminal run from the ACIA. 

498. Rainbow 1, Issue 5 (May, 1979) 

Memory Enterprises "Color-Killer Module" pg.6. 
An easy to install module to add the color-killer function to 
early model Apple Ms. 

Watson, Allen III "Another Review of the Programmer's 
AID#1" pgs. 7-10. 
A description of the features of this accessory ROM. 

Anon. "An Interview with Phil Roybal of Apple Corp" 
pgs 11-13. 

Phil Roybal, marketing manager for Apple Corp., reveals 
that coming soon is an "auto-start" monitor ROM that will 
power up the Apple directly into Basic, or upon hitting 
reset, also a stop list feature, easier cursor control, etc. 

499. Calculator/Computers 3 (Jan./Feb., 1979) 

Bobek, Frank "Vats Right" pgs 41-45. 
A program to aid physics students studying velocity and 
acceleration phenomena. For the PET. 

500. CalcuiatoryComputers 2 (Nov.yDec., 1979) 

Oglesby, Mac "Sinners" pgs 36-38. 
Three of Satan's Fiends fight against a group of sinners. 
For the PET. 

501. Dr. Oobb's Journal 4, Issue 6 (June/July, 1979) 

Colburn, Don "EXOS-A Software Development Tool Kit 
for the 6500 Microprocessor Family" pgs. 29-31. 
A tool to efficiently and effectively both generate and 
modify 6500 assembly language programs. 



Monsour, Fred J. "Kim Renumber" pg. 47. 
A program to renumber KIM-1 Microsoft Basic listings. 

502. Stems From Apple 2, Issue 5 (May, 1979) 

Armstrong, Kevin "Numeric Sort Routine" pg.2. 
A sort program written in Applesoft II. 

Reed, Ron "Paddle Speed Control" pg.3. 
Control a slow list or program execution with the Apple 
paddles. 

Hoggatt, Ken 'Ken's Korner" pgs 4-5. 
A series of tutorials for the Apple user including the use of 
GET A or GET $A, the use of the mini-assembler, Yes and 
No statements, etc. 

503. Recreational Computing 7, Issue 39 (May/June, 1979) 

Feniger, Bob "A Different Way to Float" pg. 6. 
A different version of an earlier program for the PET. 



Carpenter, Chuck "PILOT for the Apple 
MICF10-PIL0T Interpreter" pgs 28-31. 
An interpreter in Applesoft. 



An Extended 



Saal, Harry "SPOT" pgs. 52-55. 

Notes for PET users include information on new models of 
the PET, a review of Cursor cassette magazine, new books 
on the PET, and a graphics program listing called 
CASCADES. 

504. Creative Computing 5, No 6 (June, 1979) 

Badgett, J. Tom "Strings and Things: Basic String Man- 
ipulations" pgs. 86-90. 
Tutorial on String variables, etc. 

North, Steve "ALF/Apple Music Synthesizer" pgs 102-103 
Review of the new Accessory for the Apple which makes 
possible high-quality computer music. 

Soft-One "Apple Graphics Programs" pg. 143. 
High Resolution Graphics Utility Set, including character 
set, lower case, shape vector table assembler, etc. 

505. MICRO No 13 (June, 1979) 

Putney, Charles B."Harmonic Analysis for the 
Apple" pgs 5-8. 

A program in Applesoft Floating Point BASIC lets the Ap- 
ple do Fourier Analysis calculations. 

Pytlik, William F. "Case of the Missing Tape Counter" 
pg.11. 
How to locate your files on the PET Cassette. 

Taylor, William L. "The Basic Morse Keyboard" pgs 13- 
15. 

A Ham program implemented on an OSI system to make an 
ASCII keyboard act as a "Morse Keyboard." 

Rinard, Phillip M. 'A SYM-phony in Stereo " pgs 17-19 
This music program uses the 6532 and the 6522's of the 
SYM to generate stereo music. 

Foote, Gary A. 'Sorting with the APPLE II- Part l"pgs. 
21-26. 

The first installment presents some background 
material and compares three sorting techniques and 
gives a program for the SHELL-METZNER sort. 

Cass, James L. 'Streamlining the C2-4P" pg.28 
Three modifications for the OSI C2-4P to raise its 
speed, increase cassette through put and add reverse 
video to the display. 



18:62 



MICRO — Tlie 6502 Journal 



November, 1979 



fSLl THIS PfBEHfS fin 

1C Eitar [Jala in iEm [^bjIgu] 

an [Tlail f Em 

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Fofiow this simple program and you will receive 
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AIM 65 




AIM 65 is fully assembled, tested and warranted. With the 
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AIM 65 features on-board thermal printer and 
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An Application Connector provides for attaching a TTY 
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THERMAL PRINTER 

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• Standard 54 key, terminal-style layout 

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• Two R6522 Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA) devices, 
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two parallel and one serial 8-bit, bidirectional I/O ports, 
two 2-bit peripheral handshake control lines and two 
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BUILT-IN EXPANSION CAPABILITY 

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Standard interface to low-cost peripherals . . . 

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• Monitor-generated prompts 

• Single keystroke commands 

• Address independent data entry 

• Debug aids 

• Error messages 

• Option and user interface linkage 

ADVANCED INTERACTIVE MONITOR COMMANDS 

• Major Function Entry 

• Instruction Entry and Disassembly 

• Display/Alter Registers and Memory 

• Manipulate Breakpoints 

• Control Instruction/Trace 

• Control Peripheral Devices 

• Call User-Defined Functions 

• Comprehensive Text Editor 

LOW COST PLUG-IN ROM OPTIONS 

• 4K Assembler— symbolic, two-pass $79.00 

• 8K BASIC Interpreter $99.00 

POWER SUPPLY SPECIFICATIONS 

• -1-5 VDC ± 5% regulated @ 2.0 amps (max) 

• -1-24 VDC ±15% unregulated @ 2.5 amps (peak) 
0.5 amps average 

PRICE: $369.00 (ikram) 

Plus $4.00 UPS (shipped in U.S. must give street address), 
$10 parcel post to APO's, FPO's, Alaska, Hawaii, Canada, 
$25 air mail to all other countries 

We manufacture a complete line of high quality expansion 
boards. Use reader service card to be added to our mailing 
list, or U.S. residents send $1.00 (International send $3.00 
U.S.) for airmail delivery of our complete catalog. 




ENTERPRISES 

INCORPORATED 



2967 W. Fairmount Avenue 
Phoenix AZ 85017 
(602)265-7564 



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* ^ NOWPRiSiNTINa.. ^~^^ 



Soft^vare for Apple II 

for your Entertainment ' Business ' Education 

Star Attraitlons: 



FILEMASTER 2 proqram%: FORMAT & RETRIEVAL comprise 
a powerful data file manager. Great for everything from phone lists 
to legal abstracts. Needs 32K. Design your own data structure. Up 
to 500 characters per record. Up to 15 searchable fields in any com- 
bination. On Disk $34.95 

SPACE Multi-faceted simulation of life in interstellar society. You 
and opponents must make life & death decisions. Keeps track of 
your progress from one game to next. Needs 48K and Applesoft 
ROM. Disk $29.95 

Pot O'Gold I or our All New Pot 0' Gold II A collection of 49 pro- 
grams for 16K Apple. Everything from Logic to action games. Only 
a buck a game. Specify I or II. Price each: Tape $49 .... Disk $54 

ADVENTURE Fight off pirates and vicious dwarfs. 700 travel op- 
tions, 140 locations, 64 objects. Needs ROM & 48K. Disk. . $29.95 

16K CASSETTE INVENTORY Use item number, description, 
stock amount, reorder amount, restock date, cost & sell price. Holds 
up to 140 items. Tape $35 

32K DISK INVENTORY: Use stock numbers description, vendor, 
record of purchase and sales date, amount on hand, cost & sell price, 

total value. Holds up to 300 items. Disk $40 

With Parts Explosion: Disk $50 

32K DATA BASE Cross file for phone lists, bibliographies, recipes. 
Run up to 9 lines of 40 columns each. Search by item anywhere. 
Disk $20 

24K HI-RES LIFE SIMULATION Conway's equations on 296x180 
screen. A mathematical simulation to demo population growth with 
birth, death and survival as factors. Tape $10 

16K CIRCUIT LOGIC DEVELOPMENT AID Evaluate circuits of 
up to 255 gates, including AND, OR, NOR, IMAIMD, XOR, XNOR 
and INVERTER. Tape $10 

1BK MORSE CODE TRAINER Learn Morse Code, and transmit or 
receive over radio. Tape $10 

16K DEVIL'S DUNGEON: Adventure through dark passages where 
monsters, demons, poisonous gas, dropoffs threaten ... all to disco- 
ver fantastic treasures. Comes with instruction book. Tape . . . $10 

16K PACIFICA: Discover the floating island and rescue the beauti- 
ful princess. To win you must recover the enchanted crown, but you 
face the threat of magic spells and demons. Tape $9.95 

Don't see what you've been looking for, here? 
Then write for our FREE SOFTWARE CATALOG. 
We're saving one just for you I 

To order software, add $2 shipping. To transfer tape ver- 
sions to disk add $5. California residents add 6% sales tax. 
Sorry, we can not ship to P. 0. Boxes. VISA/MASTERCHARGE 
Welcomed! 



RAINBOW'S CASINO 9 gambling games: Roulette, Blackjack, 
Craps, Horserace, and a few originals that Vegas hasn't heard about. 
Needs 16K. Tape $29.95 

16K SPACE WAR: You in your space capsule battle against the 
computer's saucer ... in hi-res graphics. Tape $12 

16K MEMORY VERIFY Diagnostic routine to check range of mem- 
ory. Indicates faulty addresses, data in memory cell, and faulty data. 
Tape $5 

16K APPLEODION Music synthesis composes original Irish jigs. 
Enter your own music and save on tape or disk. Includes 3 Bach 
fugues. Tape $10 

16IK APPLEViSION Demo for Hi-Res graphics and music. 

Tape $10 

32IK COMPU-READ 5 programs to teach you speed reading, in 
stages. Includes synonym and antonym identification. You control 
your rate of speed, or keep up with the computer's pace. 
Disk $24.95 

48K PERCEPTION I, II, III random shapes and sizes must be 
matched. In 111, you control format and display time and get 
weighted scores. Needs ROM. Each Disk $24.95 

32K STORY TELLER Use your bizarre imagination and input key 
words for fantastic and funny tales. Never the same story twice. 
Tape $12.95 

32K WAR/RESCUE Engage in 10 battles with your infantry against . 
the Apple robots. Calculate Apple's strategy and win more battles 
than the computer. Tape $12.95 

24K POLAR PLOT Plot polar equations in Hi-Res Graphics. 

Tape $10 

32K SHAPE SCALER Utility to generate and animate Hi-Res 
graphic shapes. Simple routine provided to inspect position of 
shapes, and specify precise X/Y coordinates and scale. Needs ROM. 
Disk $13.95 

32K ZINTAR/PROPHET Great party game. Under control of the 
mighty Zintar's edict you take a very special trip to the world of 
Krintar. Heightened visual graphics. Needs ROM. Disk .... $16.95 

APPLE MONITOR PEELED Everything you wanted to know about 
the Apple Monitor but couldn't figure out. User-written manual in 
pkiin English clears your confusion. Only $9.95 




Garden Plaza Shopping Center, Dept. 1 1 A 

9719 Reseda Blvd., Northridge, Ca 91324 

Telephone: (213) 349-5560 



APPLE II® JOYSTICK & EXPANDA-PORT 




EVERY APPLE II OWNER SHOULD HAVE ONE! 




The PROGRAIVIIVIA JOYSTICK is an input peripheral that 
attaches to the APPLE II Computer's game I/O Port, The 
JOYSTICK is a must for the serious game player, and it 
offersa degreeof linearity not currently available with other 
joysticks. The ease of manueverability and the availability 
of the "functional" switches make the PROGRAMMA 
JOYSTICK a much needed enhancement to any APPLE II 
Computer System owner. The PROGRAMMA JOYSTICK 
comes completely assembled and tested, including a User's 
Guide. 



JOYSTICK 



$49.95 




EXPANDA-PORT $49.95 



PROGRAMMA 
IIMTERNATIOraAL, INC. 

3400 Wilshire Blvd. 

Los Angeles, CA 90010 (213) 384-0579 



The PROGRAMMA EXPANDA-PORT is a multi-port ex- 
pander for the game I/O port of any APPLE II Computer 
System. In addition to allowing expansion for up to six 
devices, the EXPANDA-PORT contains a built-in speaker 
that replaces the function of the Apple ll's speaker. The 
switcheson the EXPANDA-PORT allow for the selection of 
the specific device desired and for the switching of that de- 
vice. No unplugging of any device connected to the 
EXPANDA-PORT is required. The PROGRAMMA EX- 
PANDA PORT comes completely assembled and tested, in- 
cluding a User's guide. 



The PROGRAMMA JOYSTICK and EXPANDA-PORTare 
available on a limited basis through your local computer 
dealer. Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Com- 
puters, Inc. 



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384-1116 • 384-1117